Innovación y cultura: La medida social de la innovaciön

This paper aims at giving some clues on how to measure innovation, not only as an effect, but also as an action; i.e., how to measure the conditions of possibility of innovation. It will be argued that this measurement should be based on some cultural variables, pondering diversity (both of individuals and groups) within a given society, as a proxy for new combinations. It will be concluded that a stable, accurate measurement of innovation is just impossible.En estas líneas se pretende ofrecer pistas sobre cómo podría medirse, no ya la innovación como efecto, sino la innovación como acción; es decir, las condiciones de posibilidad de la innovación. Se argumentará que esta medida debe basarse en ciertas variables culturales, que ponderen la diversidad de los individuos y grupos de una sociedad, como indicador de su capacidad combinatoria. Se concluirá que una medida estable y precisa de la innovación es irrealizable

La comunidad y el monasterio: el Señorío de Santa María en el Valle de Valdeiglesias (siglos XII-XIV)

The valley of Valdeiglesias was a part of the highlands of central Spain. The Andalusi had not established permanent control of these lends, so a traditional system of territorial organization based on settlements in these highlands and a strong system of ownership inside the community was able to survive. The Castilian kings managed to break up the pre-feudal model by creating the Monastery of Santa María, which received a patrimony of estates in the surrounding areas, providing a basis for monks` dominance over the inhabitants. Yett the kings could not supplant the old system of common pasturelands which strengthened the position of the inhabitants of the region, organized in their own council that,although not independent, controlled much of the local production. This impasse meant that Santa María de Valdeiglesias did not achieve a solid seigniorial power

Elementos para el análisis de las necrópolis de tumbas excavadas en la roca: el caso de Riba Côa

The aim of this paper is the study of some patterns about the cemeteries of graves dug in the rock, which are the most frequent and eloquent remains of the post-Roman age in the Iberian peninsula. The analysis takes into account a vast area, the Western territories around the Central Chain, although it is focused more intensively in the Portuguese district of Riba Côa. The research is based on three issues: the chronology of these burials, their link with the settlement pattern and their social meaning. The result is an explanatory hypothesis that points out their connection with the communitarian structures shaped after the collapse of the Roman system.Este trabajo pretende ofrecer algunas pautas para el análisis de uno de los más abundantes restos de la época post-romana en la Península Ibérica: las necrópolis de tumbas excavadas en la roca. Para ello, toma en consideración la amplia franja de los territorios occidentales en torno a la Cordillera Central, aunque se centra más intensivamente en la comarca portuguesa de Riba Côa. El estudio se basa en tres aspectos: la cronología de estos enterramientos, la relación con las formas del poblamiento y la plasmación de determinados aspectos sociales. Como resultado de ello, se señala como hipótesis de trabajo su estrecha vinculación con las estructuras comunitarias surgidas tras el colapso del sistema romano

Educando la sensibilidad y la calma. La rinconada.

En el municipio de la Rinconada se pone en marcha un programa educativo comunitario entre los diversos centros de enseñanza primaria y secundaria, abierto a cualquier persona que desee participar en él. El objetivo inicial es mejorar la convivencia y resultados académicos del alumnado mediante prácticas de respiración y relajación como la de crear desde la inteligencia emocional una nueva actitud ante la vida. Recoge las ideas y principios de las últimas investigaciones científicas y del paradigma educativo de Escuelas Con Alma

Dynamical transitions in a pollination--herbivory interaction

Plant-pollinator associations are often seen as purely mutualistic, while in reality they can be more complex. Indeed they may also display a diverse array of antagonistic interactions, such as competition and victim--exploiter interactions. In some cases mutualistic and antagonistic interactions are carried-out by the same species but at different life-stages. As a consequence, population structure affects the balance of inter-specific associations, a topic that is receiving increased attention. In this paper, we developed a model that captures the basic features of the interaction between a flowering plant and an insect with a larval stage that feeds on the plant's vegetative tissues (e.g. leaves) and an adult pollinator stage. Our model is able to display a rich set of dynamics, the most remarkable of which involves victim--exploiter oscillations that allow plants to attain abundances above their carrying capacities, and the periodic alternation between states dominated by mutualism or antagonism. Our study indicates that changes in the insect's life cycle can modify the balance between mutualism and antagonism, causing important qualitative changes in the interaction dynamics. These changes in the life cycle could be caused by a variety of external drivers, such as temperature, plant nutrients, pesticides and changes in the diet of adult pollinators. Abstract Keywords: mutualism, pollination, herbivory, insects, stage-structure, oscillationsComment: 20 pages, 7 main figures, 2 appendix figure