Clamence et l’interlocuteur : pragmatique de la manipulation et de l’identification dans le discours de La Chute de Camus

Le double jeu de Clamence, à la fois juge et pénitent dans l’interface de l’être et du paraître, semble être le ressort de l’identification du lecteur à l’interlocuteur. Clamence s’adresse à une sorte de grand énonciataire : l’humanité en général et par ricochet le lecteur. La pragmatique du discours de La Chute se construit sur quatre actants : énonciateur-locuteur / interlocuteur-énonciataire. Ces deux entités n’en font qu’une seule et, par contrecoup, l’énonciateur sera assimilé à l’énonciataire par le biais du lecteur. Dans La Chute, émerge en fait tout un jeu de miroirs discursifs dans lequel, d’une part, Clamence élabore son mea culpa et, d’autre part, juge l’humanité comme s’il était une sorte de démiurge divin. Le réquisitoire s’achève sur une note pessimiste qui ne fait que traduire une farce noire dont le procès discursif n’est que pure ironie.The interplay between being and seeming, as well as the double game of Clamence, the judge-penitent, are the motivating forces behind the reader’s identification to the addressee. Clamence addresses a kind of global receiver, viz. Mankind and, by the same token, the reader. The pragmatics of discourse in Camus’ The Fall depends on four agents: the sender-addresser and the addressee-receiver. The two pairs are in fact only one and in such a way that the sender and the receiver become one and the same for the reader. The Fall is built around a series of discursive mirror games allowing Clamence both to blame himself and to judge mankind as though he were a demiurge. The indictment ends on a darker note, turning the whole situation into a farce whose discursive process is essentially ironic

Noch einmal über die Feldzüge von Augustus im Karpatenbecken

The campaigns of Augustus in the Carpathian basin, connected with the occupation of Pannonia (Illyricum) have been discussed in many papers. The general was Tiberius, but also a Vinicius and Cornelius Lentulus are mentioned in the sources. Many different and controversial solutions have been proposed for the chronology, the extension and the process of the wars. After having summarized the different proposals again this paper returns to one of them which has on the basis of the newer observations the highest probability

Elektronvezető polimer alapú összetett (kompozit) anyagok előállítása és tulajdonságaik tanulmányozása in situ kombinált elektrokémiai technikákkal = Preparation of electronically conducting polymer based composite materials and their characterization by in situ combined electrochemical techniques

A kutatás témája elektronvezető tulajdonságú polimer alapú összetett anyagok előállítása és tulajdonságaik tanulmányozása in situ kombinált elektrokémiai technikákkal. A kutatási program kiterjedt fémet tartalmazó kompozitanyagokra, elsődlegesen nemesfémek beépítésére, a inhibítorokat tartalmazó polimerrétegek korrózióvédő hatására, nanoszerkezetű összetett anyagok vizsgálatára, nanodiszperz fémekkel és oxidokkal adalékolt polipirrol és politiofén rétegek vezetési sajátságaira, valamint biológiai hatásuk folytán fontos anyagok polimerrétegekbe történő beépítésére és segítségükkel elektro-biotechnológiai folyamatok megvalósítására. Kutatási eredményeinkből eddig 8 folyóiratcikk jelent meg, melyek összesített hatástényezője mintegy 20. Munkánkról 15 nemzetközi konferencián is beszámoltunk. A kutatásba bekapcsolódott hallgatók eredményeiket a XXVIII. Országos Tudományos Diákköri Konferencián is bemutatják. | The aim of the project was the synthesis of electronically conducting polymer composites and their study by in situ combined electrochemical techniques. The research programme included studies on metal containing composites, incorporation of noble metals, the potential use of inhibitor containing polymer layers in the protection against corrosion, nanostructured composite materials, the conducting behaviour of polypyrrole and polythiophene films doped with nanodispersed metals and oxides, as well as the immobilization of biologically important materials into polymer layers and their use in the realization of electro-biotechnological processes. The results have been published in 8 papers by now, their cumulative impact is about 20, and have been reported at 15 international conferences. The undergraduate students involved in the work present their results also at the XXVIII. National Scientific Conference of Students

Polyamidoamine dendrimer impairs mitochondrial oxidation in brain tissue

Background: The potential nanocarrier polyamidoamine (PAMAM) generation 5 (G5-NH2) dendrimer has been shown to evoke lasting neuronal depolarization and cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study we explored the early progression of G5-NH2 action in brain tissue on neuronal and astroglial cells.Results: In order to describe early mechanisms of G5-NH2 dendrimer action in brain tissue we assessed G5-NH2 trafficking, free intracellular Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΨMITO) changes in the rat hippocampal slice by microfluorimetry. With the help of fluorescent dye conjugated G5-NH2, we observed predominant appearance of the dendrimer in the plasma membrane of pyramidal neurons and glial cells within 30 min. Under this condition, G5-NH2 evoked robust intracellular Ca2+ enhancements and ΨMITO depolarization both in pyramidal neurons and astroglial cells. Intracellular Ca2+ enhancements clearly preceded ΨMITO depolarization in astroglial cells. Comparing activation dynamics, neurons and glia showed prevalence of lasting and transient ΨMITO depolarization, respectively. Transient as opposed to lasting ΨMITO changes to short-term G5-NH2 application suggested better survival of astroglia, as observed in the CA3 stratum radiatum area. We also showed that direct effect of G5-NH2 on astroglial ΨMITO was significantly enhanced by neuron-astroglia interaction, subsequent to G5-NH2 evoked neuronal activation.Conclusion: These findings indicate that the interaction of the PAMAM dendrimer with the plasma membrane leads to robust activation of neurons and astroglial cells, leading to mitochondrial depolarization. Distinguishable dynamics of mitochondrial depolarization in neurons and astroglia suggest that the enhanced mitochondrial depolarization followed by impaired oxidative metabolism of neurons may be the primary basis of neurotoxicity. © 2013 Nyitrai et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Intercisa castellum és vicus 1967-1983. évi ásatások feldolgozása II. = Publication of the excavations in the castellum and in the vicus of Intercisa, 1967-1983, II.

Elkészült az Intercisa castellumában a hetvenes években feltárt principia és a déli kapu feltárásának teljes és periódusokat figyelembe vevő leírása az összes lelet és megfigyelés felsorolásával, a digitalizálás után egybeszerkeszthető felmérés, ami az összes lelet feldolgozásának az alapja. Az érmek és bélyeges téglák korábban elvégzett feldolgozása után most kisebb elmaradásoktól eltekintve elkészült a terra sigillata, a házi kerámia, benne az ólommázas és a besimított anyaggal, a mécsesek, és részben a használati és viseleti tárgyak, ékszerek feldolgozása. Néhány részlettanulmány Intercisa vízellátását elemezte, illetve az összefüggéseiben feltárt díszkocsit dolgozta föl. | The team has prepared the full description of the archaeological features, including all finds and observations, in the excavated area of the principia and the south gate of the fort in Intercisa. Through digitalization of the drawings the possibility arose to investigate all topographical and periodical connections. After earlier publication of the coins and the stamped tiles the greatest part of the Samians and other ceramic material, including smoothed and glazed material, the lamps, and partly the utensils and the finds of clothing and the jewellery could be investigated. Some other papers dealt with the water supply of Intercisa and the intact find of the front part of a four wheel wagon

Új tulajdonságokat mutató elektronvezető polimerek előállítása és jellemzése = Synthesis and characterization of electronically conducting polymers with new properties

A kutatás témája olyan konjugált polimereken alapuló összetett anyagok előállítása, jellemzése és alkalmazási lehetőségeik feltárása volt, melyek mágneses, termoelektromos vagy fotokatalitikus sajátságokat mutatnak. Megvalósítottuk magnetit nanorészecskék szerves közegbe történő átvitelét, és igazoltuk a magnetit nanorészecskék felületén elhelyezkedő hidroxil- és a karbonsavval szubsztituált tiofének karboxil-csoportja közötti kölcsönhatás kémiai jellegét. A magnetit nanorészecskék felületén megvalósított adszorpciója útján eredményesen építettünk be polipirrol elektródba B12 vitamint. Megvalósítottuk titán-dioxid és szén nanocső kötegeknek vezető polimerekkel történő kombinálását. Kiemelkedő termoelektromos sajátsággal rendelkező 3-alkiltiofének polimerjeit átkristályosítva – nemesfémek beépítése révén – nanoszálas kompozitokat alakítottunk ki. A mintákat átfogóan jellemeztük az anyagtudomány területén általánosan használt technikák (röntgen-diffrakció, spektroszkópiák, elektronmikroszkóp, elektrokémiai nanogravimetria, vezetésmérés) alkalmazásával. Az irodalomban elsőként kidolgoztuk az in situ spektroelektrokémiai és impedanciamérés szimultán alkalmazhatóságát, kimutattuk és értelmeztük a vezetés kialakulásának az egyes töltéshordozókkal való – változó – korrelációját. Felhívtuk a figyelmet az elektronegatív anionok jelenlétében történő elektrokémiai polimerizáció veszélyére, és körültekintő alkalmazásának szükségességére. | During the project, conducting polymer based composites – exhibiting magnetic, thermoelectric or photocatalytic properties - have been synthesized. We realised the transfer of magnetic nanoparticles into organic media, and proved the chemical pattern of the interaction between the hydroxyl group on the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles and the carboxyl group of the acid substituted thiophenes. Exploiting the adsorption of vitamin B12 on the magnetite nanoparticles, its successful incorporation into polypyrrole has been achieved. Composites of conducting polymers with nanotube arrays of titanium dioxide and carbon have been also synthesized. Via re-crystallisation of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) – possessing extraordinary good thermoelectric property – nanofils of composites with noble metals have been prepared. The composites have been characterized widely with XRD, SEM – EDX, EQCM, ac conductance, as well as by diffuse reflection mode, UV-VIS absorption and FTIR – ATR mode spectroscopy. For the first time in the literature, we elaborated the application of in situ spectroelectrochemistry and in situ conductance in a hyphenated mode, and elucidated the background of differences in the correlation between the development of the conductance and the optically distinguishable charge carriers. We called the attention to the potential dangers arising during the electro-polymerisation in the presence of electronegative anions, and to the necessity of its careful consideration

Influence of acid-induced conformational variability on protein separation in reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography

Influence of acid concentration in the mobile phase on protein separation was studied in a wide concentration range of using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and formic acid (FA). At low, 0.001-0.01 v/v% TFA concentration and appropriate solvent strength proteins elute before the column's dead time. This is explained by the proteins having a structured, but relatively extended conformation in the eluent; and are excluded from the pores of the stationary phase. Above ca. 0.01-0.05 v/v% TFA concentration proteins undergo further conformational change, leading to a compact, molten globule-like structure, likely stabilized by ion pairing. Proteins in this conformation enter the pores and are retained on the column. The results suggest a pore exclusion induced separation related to protein conformation. This effect is influenced by the pH and type of acid used, and is likely to involve ion-pair formation. The TFA concentration needed to result in protein folding (and therefore to observe retention on the column) depends on the protein; and therefore can be utilized to improve chromatographic performance. Conformation change was monitored by circular dichroism spectroscopy and mass spectrometry; and it was shown that not only TFA, but FA can also induce molten globule formation

Synthesis and serum protein binding of novel ring-substituted harmine derivatives

A series of new derivatives of the natural β-carboline alkaloid harmine, introducing hydrophobic substituents into positions 7 and 9 were synthetized as potential anticancer agents. Their binding affinities for human serum albumin (HSA) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) were investigated by affinity chromatography combined with fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and UV absorption spectroscopy. The weak binding of harmine to both proteins (Ka ~ 3 × 104 M-1) was highly increased by aromatic substitutions (Ka ~ 105-106 M-1). Derivatives having a substituted benzyl group in the N9-position of the β-carboline nucleus showed about tenfold and hundredfold affinity enhancement for HSA and AAG, respectively. Such a strong plasma protein interaction would be of pharmacokinetic relevance for these potential drug candidates. Induced CD spectra indicated the variant selective, dimeric binding of the 7-pyridylethoxy derivative to AAG. Absorbance and fluorescence spectra refer to the binding preference of the neutral form of the studied β-carbolines for both proteins

The Janus facet of nanomaterials

Application of nanoscale materials (NMs) displays a rapidly increasing trend in electronics, optics, chemical catalysis, biotechnology, and medicine due to versatile nature of NMs and easily adjustable physical, physicochemical, and chemical properties. However, the increasing abundance of NMs also poses significant new and emerging health and environmental risks. Despite growing efforts, understanding toxicity of NMs does not seem to cope with the demand, because NMs usually act entirely different from those of conventional small molecule drugs. Currently, large-scale application of available safety assessment protocols, as well as their furthering through case-by-case practice, is advisable. We define a standard work-scheme for nanotoxicity evaluation of NMs, comprising thorough characterization of structural, physical, physicochemical, and chemical traits, followed by measuring biodistribution in live tissue and blood combined with investigation of organ-specific effects especially regarding the function of the brain and the liver. We propose a range of biochemical, cellular, and immunological processes to be explored in order to provide information on the early effects of NMs on some basic physiological functions and chemical defense mechanisms. Together, these contributions give an overview with important implications for the understanding of many aspects of nanotoxicity