Effects of growth on geometry of gastrocnemius muscle in children: a three-dimensional ultrasound analysis

During development, muscle growth is usually finely adapted to meet functional demands in daily activities. However, how muscle geometry changes in typically developing children and how these changes are related to functional and mechanical properties is largely unknown. In rodents, longitudinal growth of the pennate m. gastrocnemius medialis (GM) has been shown to occur mainly by an increase in physiological cross-sectional area and less by an increase in fibre length. Therefore, we aimed to: (i) determine how geometry of GM changes in healthy children between the ages of 5 and 12years, (ii) test whether GM geometry in these children is affected by gender, (iii) compare normalized growth of GM geometry in children with that in rats at similar normalized ages, and (iv) investigate how GM geometry in children relates to range of motion of angular foot movement at a given moment. Thirty children (16 females, 14 males) participated in the study. Moment-angle data were collected over a range of angles by rotating the foot from plantar flexion to dorsal flexion at standardized moments. GM geometry in the mid-longitudinal plane was measured using three-dimensional ultrasound imaging. This geometry was compared with that of GM geometry in rats. During growth from 5 to 12years of age, the mean neutral footplate angle (0Nm) occurred at -5° (SD 7°) and was not a function of age. Measured at standardized moments (4Nm), footplate angles towards plantar flexion and dorsal flexion decreased by 25 and 40%, respectively. In both rats and children, GM muscle length increased proportionally with tibia length. In children, the length component of the physiological cross-sectional area and fascicle length increased by 7 and 5% per year, respectively. Fascicle angle did not change over the age range measured. In children, the Achilles tendon length increased by 6% per year. GM geometry was not affected by gender. We conclude that, whereas the length of GM in rat develops mainly by an increase in physiological cross-sectional area of the muscle, GM in children develops by uniform scaling of the muscle. This effect is probably related to the smaller fascicle angle in human GM, which entails a smaller contribution of radial muscle growth to increased GM muscle length. The net effect of uniform scaling of GM muscle belly causes it to be stiffer, explaining the decrease in range of motion of angular foot movement at 4Nm towards dorsal flexion during growth. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Anatomy © 2011 Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland

An MRI study on the relations between muscle atrophy, shoulder function and glenohumeral deformity in shoulders of children with obstetric brachial plexus injury

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A substantial number of children with an obstetric brachial plexus lesion (OBPL) will develop internal rotation adduction contractures of the shoulder, posterior humeral head subluxations and glenohumeral deformities. Their active shoulder function is generally limited and a recent study showed that their shoulder muscles were atrophic. This study focuses on the role of shoulder muscles in glenohumeral deformation and function.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is a prospective study on 24 children with unilateral OBPL, who had internal rotation contractures of the shoulder (mean age 3.3 years, range 14.7 months to 7.3 years). Using MR imaging from both shoulders the following parameters were assessed: glenoid form, glenoscapular angle, subluxation of the humeral head, thickness and segmental volume of the subscapularis, infraspinatus and deltoid muscles. Shoulder function was assessed measuring passive external rotation of the shoulder and using the Mallet score for active function. Statistical tests used are t-tests, Spearman's rho, Pearsons r and logistic regression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The affected shoulders showed significantly reduced muscle sizes, increased glenoid retroversion and posterior subluxation. Mean muscle size compared to the normal side was: subscapularis 51%, infraspinatus 61% and deltoid 76%. Glenoid form was related to infraspinatus muscle atrophy. Subluxation was related to both infraspinatus and subscapularis atrophy. There was no relation between atrophy of muscles and passive external rotation. Muscle atrophy was not related to the Mallet score or its dimensions.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Muscle atrophy was more severe in the subscapularis muscle than in infraspinatus and deltoid. As the muscle ratios are not related to passive external rotation nor to active function of the shoulder, there must be other muscle properties influencing shoulder function.</p

Campegi[i] Vitringa De Decem-Viris Otiosis, Ad sacra necessaria Veteris Synagogæ Curanda deputatis, Liber Singularis : In Quo Sententiæ Ligtfooti de hoc argumento, non ita pridem a se acceptæ, ratio redditur, quæque illi nuper objectæ sunt difficultates, e medio removentur; illustratis, ubi occasio est, cum locis S. Scripturæ tum Antiquis Civitatis Hebræorum Consuetudinibus

CAMPEGI[I] VITRINGA DE DECEM-VIRIS OTIOSIS, AD SACRA NECESSARIA VETERIS SYNAGOGÆ CURANDA DEPUTATIS, LIBER SINGULARIS : IN QUO SENTENTIÆ LIGTFOOTI DE HOC ARGUMENTO, NON ITA PRIDEM A SE ACCEPTÆ, RATIO REDDITUR, QUÆQUE ILLI NUPER OBJECTÆ SUNT DIFFICULTATES, E MEDIO REMOVENTUR; ILLUSTRATIS, UBI OCCASIO EST, CUM LOCIS S. SCRIPTURÆ TUM ANTIQUIS CIVITATIS HEBRÆORUM CONSUETUDINIBUS Campegi[i] Vitringa De Decem-Viris Otiosis, Ad sacra necessaria Veteris Synagogæ Curanda deputatis, Liber Singularis : In Quo Sententiæ Ligtfooti de hoc argumento, non ita pridem a se acceptæ, ratio redditur, quæque illi nuper objectæ sunt difficultates, e medio removentur; illustratis, ubi occasio est, cum locis S. Scripturæ tum Antiquis Civitatis Hebræorum Consuetudinibus (1) Titelblatt (1) Dedicatio (3) Lemmata Capitum, Quae Hoc Libro Continentur (27) Cap. I. - V. (36) Cap. VI. - X. (73) Cap. XI. - XV. (130) Cap. XVI. - XX. (207) Index Locorum Scripturae Sanctae (331) Index Rerum Praecipuarum (333) Kolophon (340) Fotodokumentation (345

Dissertationum Theologicarvm De Regno Dei / examini subjiciet Abrahamus Pungeler, Marcoduro-Juliacensis. Avctor et Respondens. A. D. Martii loco horisque solitis. 3. præside ... Campegio Vitringa

Layoutgetreues Digitalisat der Ausg.: Franeqveræ : Gyzelaar, 1699 Standort: Universität Marburg, Bibliothek Religionswissenschaft (510) Signatur: 442 Bemerkungen: (Bibliothek Wittgenstein

Commentarius in librum prophetiarum Jesaiae : quo sensus orationis eius sedulo investigatur; in veras visorum interpretandorum hypotheses inquiritur, & ex iisdem facta interpretatio antiquae historiae monumentis confirmatur atque illustratur : cum prolegomenis : Insertae sunt operi notitiae gentium exterarum ... : et tabula topographica ... concinnata

cura & studio Campegii Vitringa, th. & h.s. professoris ; editio nova, prioribus accuratior ; Praemittitur laudatio funebris, in memoriam Cl. auctoris habita a ... Alberto Schultens, ling. orient. professor

Doctrina Christianæ Religionis, Per Aphorismos Summatim Descripta / In usum Scholarum Domesticarum Campegii Vitringa, Theol. & Hist. Sacræ Professoris

Die Vorlage enthält insgesamt 2 WerkeVorlageform der Veröffentlichungsangabe: Franequeræ, Apud Fransiscum Halmam, Illustr. Frisiæ Ordd. atque Eorund. Acad. Typogr. Ordi