Microwave Spectroscopy and Transport Measurements of Andreev Bound States in Superconductor – Semiconductor Josephson Junctions

The physics of superconductor-semiconductor hybrid junctions is governed by a combination of the macroscopic quantum coherence of superconducting systems and the mesoscopic physics inherent to semiconducting devices and Andreev bound states are the microscopic states which mediate transport through these junctions. In this thesis a series of experiments aimed at understanding Andreev bound states in Josephson junction devices are presented. RF reflectometry measurements of a superconducting tunnel junction are made sensitive near the high tunnel resistance by an impedance transforming tank circuit which can be adapted for different device resistances. The reflectometry measurement corresponds well with DC transport data meaning this technique can measure Josephson junction dynamics at high frequency. Progress is made towards more transparent superconducting contacts to CVD graphene for graphene Josephson junctions however switching to an epitaxial Al / InAs 2DEG material bypasses the contact transparency issue. Signatures of transport mediated by Andreev bound states in the few mode regime are observed in quantum point contact devices made from this material allowing the possibility of controlling and measuring single Andreev bound states. Josephson junctions coupled to superconducting resonators are measured using microwave frequency detection and DC transport. Andreev bound states in the few mode regime are observed via their effect on the resonator frequency suggesting that Andreev bound states in this material can be coupled to a resonator allowing measurement and control

The Influence of Entrepreneurship Education on University Students' Entrepreneurship Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention

Entrepreneurship education in Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) is vital to strengthening a country’s entrepreneurship ecosystem, which fosters economic growth, innovation, and job creation. Through entrepreneurship education, more job creators are expected to be created and nurtured with entrepreneurial awareness, knowledge, abilities, and support. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between entrepreneurship education, namely entrepreneurship curriculum, entrepreneurship lecturers’ competency, and university entrepreneurship support in influencing entrepreneurship intention among Universiti Teknologi Malaysia’s students, with entrepreneurship self-efficacy as the mediator. The methodological approach of this study is a quantitative method. The population of this study was Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) undergraduate students with a sample size of 212 respondents, obtained using simple random probability sampling. Data collected from respondents was analysed using the SPSS statistical analytical tool by applying descriptive, regression and mediation tests. The study’s findings revealed that entrepreneurship curriculum and university entrepreneurship support have significantly influenced both entrepreneurship self-efficacy and intention. However, entrepreneurship lecturers’ competency was found to have an insignificant relationship with entrepreneurship self-efficacy and intention. The influence of entrepreneurship self-efficacy towards entrepreneurship intention was also significant. Meanwhile, the mediating effect of entrepreneurship self-efficacy between entrepreneurship education components (curriculum, lecturers’ competency, and university entrepreneurship support) and entrepreneurship intention were all significant. Thus, this study has provided insights for various stakeholders, predominantly academicians, HLIs, and policymakers, to understand the current scenario on the effectiveness of Malaysia’s entrepreneurship education

High Performance and Low Power VLSI Synchronous Systems Using an Explicit Pulsed Dual Edge Triggered Flip Flops

ABSTRACT: An explicit pulsed dual edge triggered sense amplifier flip flops (DET-FF).In this dual edge triggered sense amplifier flip flop is used for low-power consumption and high performance application. By incorporating the dual edge triggering mechanism, the dual edge triggered flip flop is able to achieve low power consumption that has minimum delay. Clock gating is a popular technique used in many synchronous circuits; hence, the power dissipation is very much reduced. Reducing dynamic power reduction. Clock gating saves power by adding more logic gates in the circuit. It can be used in various applications like digital VLSI clocking system, buffers, registers, microprocessors etc. KEYWORDS: Clock pulse gating,high performance,low power,delay,pulse dual edge triggered, sense amplifier flip flop. I. INTRODUCTION In many digital very large scale integration (VLSI) design, which consists of the clock distribution network and timing elements, is one of the most power consumption. Flip-flops are critical timing elements in digital circuits which have a large impact on circuit speed and power consumption. The performance of the Flip-Flop is an important element to determine the performance of the whole synchronous circuit. In this dual edge triggered sense amplifier as developed from single edge triggered sense amplifier flip flops. At each rising or falling edge of a clock signal, the data stored in a set of flip-flops is readily available so that it can be applied as inputs to other combinational or sequential circuitry. Such flip-flops that store data on both the leading edge and the trailing edge of a clock pulse are referred to as double-edge triggered flip-flops otherwise it is called as single edge triggered flip-flops. The dual edge triggering is a very important technique is to reduce the power consumption in the clock distribution network. In this dual edge triggering is to introduce the clock gating. In this clock gating with clock storage element is to reduce the dynamic power. Two types of clock gating are used in the dual edge triggering mechanism. These are latch free clock gating and latch based clock gating. When technology scales down, total power dissipation will decrease and at the same time delay varies depends upon supply voltage, threshold voltage, oxide thickness. II.DUAL EDGE TRIGGERED FLIP FLOP The dual edge triggered flip flops have two stages. These are pulse generator stage and latching stage. If the clock pulse as the input of the pulse generator. It produces the triggering pulse signal. Latching stage as generate the output pulse signal. In this dual edge triggering flip flop used two types of clock gating. These are latch based clock gating and latch free clock gating. The general block is shown i

The Impact of Effective Team Building in Workplace

In the business world people who come with the organized to work toward a conjoint goal are called teams. The shared vision, cohesion, cooperation, mutual trust, and absolute transparency of the roles and also responsibilities are hallmarks of a high-performance team. In many cases, the HR manager acts as facilitator in the process of building a high-performing team. HR manager's role in creating high-performing teams based on shared responsibilities, mutual trust, and cooperation is examined in this paper. Different team building exercises like games, fun exercises, and group activities are also discussed as a means of effective team building

Different Data Mining Algorithms: a Performance Analysis

Data mining (also called knowledge discovery in databases) represents the process of extracting interesting and previously unknown knowledge (patterns) from data. By applying artificial intelligence together with analytical methods data can be extracted. An association rule expresses the dependence of a set of attribute-value pairs, called items, upon another set of items (item set). . The association rule mining algorithms can be classified into two main groups: the level-wise algorithms and the tree-based algorithms. The level-wise algorithms scan the entire database multiple time but they have moderate memory requirement. The two phase algorithms scan the database only twice but they can have extremely large memory requirement. In this paper a comparative study of the algorithms used in association rules mining apriori and FP growth is done . A performance study has been done which shows the advantages and disadvantage of algorithms.Botho Universit