Chapter 6 Mediatization of music, musicalization of everyday life

Music has undergone a tremendous mediatization the last 100 years. Electrification and, later on, the digitization of music media have exposed music to an increased dissemination, both spatially – it can be heard almost everywhere – and temporally – one can listen to music almost anytime. This chapter aims to highlight and detail some fundamental changes and important transformations and displacements in everyday listening to recorded music as they first emerged. The macro level changes and transformations described by the concepts of mediatization and musicalization nevertheless depend on what happens at meso and micro levels. Recorded music in Sweden during the early decades of the century met with a “utilitarian” approach among audiences. In many ways, the change in attitude towards the gramophone and recorded music that can be traced in the reviews corresponds to transformations within the conceptual space

Chapter 6 Mediatization of music, musicalization of everyday life

Music has undergone a tremendous mediatization the last 100 years. Electrification and, later on, the digitization of music media have exposed music to an increased dissemination, both spatially – it can be heard almost everywhere – and temporally – one can listen to music almost anytime. This chapter aims to highlight and detail some fundamental changes and important transformations and displacements in everyday listening to recorded music as they first emerged. The macro level changes and transformations described by the concepts of mediatization and musicalization nevertheless depend on what happens at meso and micro levels. Recorded music in Sweden during the early decades of the century met with a “utilitarian” approach among audiences. In many ways, the change in attitude towards the gramophone and recorded music that can be traced in the reviews corresponds to transformations within the conceptual space

“Medicine for the soul” – Older men’s identity performance and affect attunement through music listening

Η ευημερία των ηλικιωμένων ανδρών, παρόλο που δεν έχει μελετηθεί εκτενώς, παραμένει ένα σημαντικό πεδίο έρευνας. Μετά τη συνταξιοδότηση, οι άνδρες μπορεί να χάσουν τις κοινωνικές τους επαφές και την επαγγελματική τους ταυτότητα, κάτι που μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε μοναξιά, κατάθλιψη και αυξημένο κίνδυνο αυτοκτονίας. Αυτά τα προβλήματα επιδεινώνονται λόγω της διστακτικότητας πολλών ανδρών να ζητήσουν βοήθεια. Τα υπάρχοντα συστήματα κοινωνικής υποστήριξης συχνά δεν είναι προσαρμοσμένα στις ανάγκες και στα ενδιαφέροντα των ηλικιωμένων ανδρών. Προηγούμενες μελέτες προτείνουν ότι η μουσική μπορεί να παίξει σημαντικό ρόλο στην κοινωνική και συναισθηματική ευημερία των ηλικιωμένων ανδρών. Επομένως, δημιουργήθηκε μια ομάδα μουσικής ακρόασης για να διερευνηθεί ο τρόπος με τον οποίον η μουσική ακρόαση μπορεί να χρησιμεύσει ως πηγή ευημερίας για τους ηλικιωμένους άνδρες. Οκτώ άνδρες ηλικίας 64-86 ετών συναντήθηκαν για να ακούσουν μουσική της επιλογής τους και να συζητήσουν για αυτήν, με μία εκπαιδευμένη μουσικοθεραπεύτρια (την πρώτη συγγραφέα) ως συντονίστρια της ομάδας. Εστιάζοντας στη διαδραμάτιση των ταυτοτήτων των συμμετεχόντων, πραγματοποιήθηκε επαγωγική θεματική ανάλυση, βασισμένη στη δραματουργική προοπτική του Goffman για το προσκήνιο-παρασκήνιο, στις θεωρίες του Stern για το αίσθημα ζωτικότητας, και στη θεωρία της αρρενωπότητας. Οι συμμετέχοντες διαδραμάτισαν τις ταυτότητές τους κυρίως σε συνάρτηση με παραδοσιακές αρρενωπότητες στις λεκτικές τους αποδόσεις στο προσκήνιο, αποκαλύπτοντας αμφιθυμικές αρρενωπές ταυτότητες, ενώ χρησιμοποιούσαν τη μουσική για να συνδεθούν, για να βιώσουν και για να εκφράσουν άλλες, πιο «αισθανόμενες» ταυτότητες στο παρασκήνιο οι οποίες υπερβαίνουν τα παραδοσιακά πρότυπα. Η μουσική που επιλέχθηκε χαρακτηριζόταν από την περιέργεια και την ανοικτότητα των συμμετεχόντων ως προς το να γνωρίσουν νέα μουσική. Τα αποτελέσματα έχουν εφαρμογές στη μουσικοθεραπεία επισημαίνοντας τις ανάγκες ευημερίας των ηλικιωμένων ανδρών και τις πολλές δυνατότητες αισθητικής και ευημερίας που ενέχει η μουσική για αυτήν τη μέχρι στιγμής ελλιπώς μελετημένη πληθυσμιακή ομάδα.The wellbeing of older men is an understudied, yet urgent research topic. After retirement, men may lose their social networks and professional identity, which can lead to loneliness, depression, and a heightened risk for suicide. These problems are worsened by a reluctance amongst many men to seek help. Existing social support systems are oftentimes not customised to older men’s needs and interests. Previous studies suggest that music can play a significant role for the social and emotional wellbeing of older men. Therefore, a music listening group was set up to explore how music listening can serve as a wellbeing resource for older men. Eight men 64-86 years old met to listen to and discuss music of their own choice, with a trained music therapist (first author) as the group leader. Focusing on the participants’ identity performances, a deductive thematic analysis was conducted, guided by Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective of frontstage-backstage, Stern’s theories on vitality affect, and masculinity theory. The participants performed their identities mainly in line with traditional masculinities in their verbal frontstage performances, revealing ambivalent masculine identities, while using music to connect to, experience and express other, more “sentient” backstage identities which surpass traditional norms. The music chosen was characterised by the participants’ curiosity and openness to learning about new music. The results have implications for music therapy in highlighting the wellbeing needs of older men and music’s many aesthetic and wellbeing potentials for this hitherto understudied group

What Can Metaphor Tell Us About Experiences of Pregnancy Loss and How Are These Experiences Reflected in Midwife Practice?

With the recent launch of the National Bereavement Care Pathways in the UK (http://www.nbcpathway.org.uk/pathways/) that are designed to help professionals to support families in their bereavement after any pregnancy loss, there has been an increased interest in aligning the care provided to the needs that are expressed by the bereaved parents. In order to do this we need in-depth knowledge of these experiences. In this paper, we report findings from a study, conducted in England, that explored the ways in which those who have experienced pregnancy loss talk about their experiences at different stages in the diagnosis and experience of pregnancy loss. We focus both on what they say and the language they use to describe their experiences, in order to gain insights that may make it easier for those who support them through the process to do so in an effective manner. We focus in particular on the metaphors they use to describe their experiences. Metaphors are often used by people when describing intensely painful, personal experiences that would otherwise be inexpressible. Exploring the metaphors used by the bereaved allows us to gain deeper insights into what they are going through and understanding these metaphors may allow us to support them more effectively. We also examined the accounts of midwives and other NHS maternity bereavement care practitioners in order to gain insights into their perspectives on the issues identified through our analysis of the metaphors used by the bereaved, and to identify areas of good practice which correspond to the experiences of the bereaved. We were interested in their own practice but also in the environment in which they work and the constraints that this sometimes brings

Unresolved grief in women and men in Sweden three years after undergoing unsuccessful in vitro fertilization treatment

Objective. To explore the experience of undergoing unsuccessful in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment and of remaining childless 3 years after IVF in both women and men. Design. Qualitative-approach study. Sample. Ten women and nine men who had attended a public fertility clinic in Sweden. Methods. Individual qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with qualitative content analysis guiding the analysis. Results. Three years after the end of IVF treatment, most men and women were still processing and had not adapted to childlessness, indicating that the grieving process was unresolved. Unsuccessful IVF was experienced by women in terms of grief, whereas men took upon themselves a supportive role and did not express grief. A need for professional support and counseling in how to handle grief was described. An unstructured end after IVF treatment left unanswered questions. Conclusions. The grieving process after unsuccessful IVF treatment was hampered among both men and women. The provision of additional individual support during IVF is recommended as men and women experienced childlessness differently. Support and counseling concerning grief reactions following IVF failure, and a structured final consultation after IVF may facilitate the grieving process after undergoing unsuccessful IVF treatment

Measuring self-efficacy to deal with infertility: Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the Portuguese version of the infertility self-efficacy scale

This study explores the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Portuguese version of the Infertility Self-Efficacy Scale (ISE-P), using translation and back-translation of the original version; principal component analysis; confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); and internal consistency, and test-retest reliability analyses. A total of 287 participants (156 women and 131 men) seeking medical treatment were recruited from public and private fertility centers. CFA revealed that the single-component model fit the data well. The instrument showed excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and correlations with other mental health measures suggesting good convergent and discriminant validity. In conclusion, The ISE-P is a valid and reliable Portuguese-language measure of perceived self-efficacy to cope with infertility

Music, Memory, and Affect Attunement: Connecting Kurdish Diaspora in Stockholm

Abstract This article takes its point of departure in Maurice Halbwachs' notion of collective memory, adding the distinction made by Jan Assmann between communicative and cultural memory, and Alfred Schütz's notion of communication, understood here as the sonorous communication of bodily affect. By combining and cross-fertilizing the concept of memory with that of affective experience, our aim is to take a new and productive perspective on music's role as and in cultural memory as well as the crucial role played by affect attunement. As examples, we use interviews and observations from an on-going research project on the role of music in ethnically-based associations in Sweden. In addition, we show how music often transgresses the categorical distinctions of collective memory. The main questions we ask are a) to the extent that there is a difference between music serving as a means for and as content of collective memory (what the memory is "about"), how can we account for and explain this difference? and b) how does verbally-narrated content relate to the sound of music when it comes to collective memory

Proportion, Characteristics and Maternal Outcome of women referred for childbirth to a tertiary hospital in northern Tanzania - A descriptive retrospective study based on a hospital birth registry.

OBJECTIVE: Timely identification of danger signs and prompt referral to higher level may prevent complication associated with childbirth. With a high MMR in Tanzania, there is need to highlight the information on the proportion of women referred to tertiary healthcare, their basic characteristics and outcomes. This study aimed to determine the proportion, basic characteristics and outcomes among women referred while in labour, from lower health facilities to a tertiary hospital in northern Tanzania. METHODS: A descriptive retrospective study based on a hospital birth registry was conducted using consecutive stored data on pregnant women referred while in labour and managed at a tertiary hospital in northern Tanzania, between the years 2000 and 2015. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 53,662 deliveries were managed. Among these, 6066 women were referred from lower health facilities, with 4193 (69.2%) of them being referred while in labour. The main reason for referral was poor progress of labour (31.0%), followed by prolonged labour (27.1%) and obstructed labour (19.5%). The rate of caesarean section was 44.6%. A total of 292 maternal deaths occurred between 2000 and 2015. Of these, almost a quarter (22.6%) occurred in women referred from other health facilities while in labour. CONCLUSION: Majority of referred women while in labour from lower health facilities are linked to maternal complications associated with childbirth. This underscores the need to further explore the competence of lower health facilities to quickly detect complications and provide effective emergency obstetric care, as well as timely referral to higher-level facility

Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in infertile women and men undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in infertile women and men undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. METHODS: Participants were 1090 consecutive women and men, 545 couples, attending a fertility clinic in Sweden during a two-year period. The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD), based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn (DSM-IV), was used as the diagnostic tool for evaluating mood and anxiety disorders. RESULTS: Overall, 862 (79.1%) subjects filled in the PRIME-MD patient questionnaire. Any psychiatric diagnosis was present in 30.8 % of females and in 10.2 % of males in the study sample. Any mood disorder was present in 26.2 % of females and 9.2% of males. Major depression was the most common mood disorder, prevalent in 10.9 % of females and 5.1 % of males. Any anxiety disorder was encountered in 14.8 % of females and 4.9 % males. Only 21 % of the subjects with a psychiatric disorder according to DSM-IV received some form of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Mood disorders are common in both women and men undergoing IVF treatment. The majority of subjects with a psychiatric disorder were undiagnosed and untreated