Производные и интегралы дробных комплексных порядков функций дискретной переменной

Вводится дискретный d-оператор дробного интегродифференцирования комплексных порядков. Рассматривается алгоритм дискретного дифференцирования и дискретного интегрирования функций дискретной переменной

The euro and prices: changeover-related inflation and price convergence in the euro area

The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of the 'euro cash changeover' on consumer prices in the euro area. The report begins by describing price developments at the time of the introduction of euro notes and coins. The study also investigates the impact of price developments at the euro changeover on different households by socio-economic group. The third part of the report focuses on inflation perceptions and a fourth section explores the cross-border convergence of prices since the euro changeover. The following findings can be highlighted: (1) it appears that aggregate inflation rates were largely unaffected by the introduction of the euro; (2) overall, differences in inflation rates across different types of households are small; (3) inflation perceptions are mainly driven by lagged perceptions, inflation expectations and actual inflation while different individual inflation experiences also help to explain the 'jumps' in perception data; (4) price differentials have generally declined over time across European countries though there is no sizeable euro introduction convergence effect.The Euro and Prices: Changeover-related Inflation and Price Convergence in the Euro Area, euro changeover, inflation, perceptions, convergence, household-specific inflation, Sturm, Fritsche, Graff, Lamla, Lein, Nitsch, Liechti, Triet

Present and past bio-available phosphorus budget in the ultra-oligotrophic Lake Brienz

Abstract.: A detailed budget of the fluxes of bio-available phosphorus (bio-P) was established for the ultra-oligotrophic Lake Brienz (Switzerland) and its catchment. Lake Brienz is a cold, deep oligotrophic peri-alpine lake that receives an annual load of approximately 300 kt of suspended sediments, mainly from two glacier-influenced rivers. The challenge was to overcome the associated high background of mineral-bound inorganic phosphorus (IP) of ~200 t yr−1 that is mostly inaccessible to algae growth. The application of six complementary, independent datasets allowed a consistent balance of bio-P to be obtained. We made use of data on (a) the load imported by the contributing rivers, (b) net sedimentation from cores, (c) export of bio-P from catchment land to the surface waters estimated by a GIS model, (d) the downward flux of bio-P through the water column from sediment traps, (e) primary production, and (f) the mineralization rate of organic material from the consumption of oxidants in the uppermost sediment of the lake. The average bio-P load estimated from import measurements and net sedimentation is 7.0 t yr−1 with an error of about 10%: An estimated 5.4 t yr−1 enters by way of the two main rivers (including 0.9 t yr−1 from sewage treatment plants), 1.2 t yr−1 from the remaining catchment (including 0.4 t yr−1 from sewage treatment plants that are diverted directly into the lake), and ~1 t yr−1 from atmospheric deposition. Approximately 2 t of bio-P are retained annually in the sediments of the upstream dams and thereby withheld from downstream Lake Brienz. The maximum eutrophication of the lake in the late 1970s and the subsequent re-oligotrophication can be attributed to the loads of urban wastewater. The drop in biological productivity since the late 1970s is consistent with the decrease of bio-P fluxes archived in the sediment, the record of the sewage treatment plant outflows and the few occasional in-situ observation

Modeling the Dust Properties of z ~ 6 Quasars with ART^2 -- All-wavelength Radiative Transfer with Adaptive Refinement Tree

The detection of large quantities of dust in z ~ 6 quasars by infrared and radio surveys presents puzzles for the formation and evolution of dust in these early systems. Previously (Li et al. 2007), we showed that luminous quasars at z > 6 can form through hierarchical mergers of gas-rich galaxies. Here, we calculate the dust properties of simulated quasars and their progenitors using a three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, ART^2 -- All-wavelength Radiative Transfer with Adaptive Refinement Tree. ART^2 incorporates a radiative equilibrium algorithm for dust emission, an adaptive grid for inhomogeneous density, a multiphase model for the ISM, and a supernova-origin dust model. We reproduce the SED and dust properties of SDSS J1148+5251, and find that the infrared emission are closely associated with the formation and evolution of the quasar host. The system evolves from a cold to a warm ULIRG owing to heating and feedback from stars and AGN. Furthermore, the AGN has significant implications for the interpretation of observation of the hosts. Our results suggest that vigorous star formation in merging progenitors is necessary to reproduce the observed dust properties of z~6 quasars, supporting a merger-driven origin for luminous quasars at high redshifts and the starburst-to-quasar evolutionary hypothesis. (Abridged)Comment: 26 pages, 22 figures, accepted by ApJ. Version with full resolution images is available at http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~yxli/ARTDUST/astroph0706.3706.pd

Strangeness at SIS energies

In this contribution we discuss the physics of strange hadrons in low energy ($\simeq 1-2 \rm AGeV$) heavy ion collision. In this energy range the relevant strange particle are the kaons and anti-kaons. The most interesting aspect concerning these particles are so called in-medium modifications. We will attempt to review the current status of understanding of these in medium modifications. In addition we will briefly discuss other issues related with kaon production, such as the nuclear equation of state and chemical equilibrium.Comment: Proceedings Strange Quark Matter 2003, Atlantic Beach, NC, USA, March 200