Exercise therapy in Type 2 diabetes

Structured exercise is considered an important cornerstone to achieve good glycemic control and improve cardiovascular risk profile in Type 2 diabetes. Current clinical guidelines acknowledge the therapeutic strength of exercise intervention. This paper reviews the wide pathophysiological problems associated with Type 2 diabetes and discusses the benefits of exercise therapy on phenotype characteristics, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk profile in Type 2 diabetes patients. Based on the currently available literature, it is concluded that Type 2 diabetes patients should be stimulated to participate in specifically designed exercise intervention programs. More attention should be paid to cardiovascular and musculoskeletal deconditioning as well as motivational factors to improve long-term treatment adherence and clinical efficacy. More clinical research is warranted to establish the efficacy of exercise intervention in a more differentiated approach for Type 2 diabetes subpopulations within different stages of the disease and various levels of co-morbidity

INFLUENCE OF NATURAL GRASS AND ARTIFICIAL TURF SURFACES ON ATHLETE PERFORMANCE AND PERCEIVED PERFORMANCE SATISFACTION

Hannah Reck1, Brandi Decoux1, Samantha Carson1, Daniel B. Hollander1, Megan Gordon1, Bovorn Sirikul1, Christopher Wilburn2, Wendi Weimar2. 1Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA. 2Auburn University, Auburn, AL. BACKGROUND: Examination of athlete performance and perceptions across different playing surfaces has provided useful information to better understand athlete preferences, tactical alterations, and focus areas for industry/material science developers. However, much of the previous research on natural grass (NG) and artificial turf (AT) surfaces has been limited in scope to comparisons of only performance measures or only perceptual ratings. Additionally, fewer studies have assessed both performance and perception across multiple AT surfaces and NG within the same project. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of NG and different AT playing surfaces on athlete performance and perceived performance satisfaction. METHODS: Seventeen male participants (age: 23.1 ± 2.9 years; height: 1.81 ± 0.06 m; mass: 77.8 ± 9.9 kg) completed three 20-yard sprint trials and three change of direction (CoD) trials (i.e., 5-10-5 agility) on four playing surfaces-one NG surface and three AT surfaces with varying structural components. After completion of all performance tests, each participant then responded to a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire for each surface regarding their satisfaction with the surface’s grip/traction and softness/compliance as well as their ability to change direction and accelerate. Friedman tests were conducted to compare sprint time, CoD time, CoD deficit, and the VAS scores across all surfaces. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences detected for CoD deficit (χ2(3)= 9.071, p= 0.028), acceleration VAS score (χ2(3)= 10.089, p= 0.018), and softness/compliance VAS score (χ2(3)= 10.804, p= 0.013). Post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with a Bonferroni correction (a=.0125) revealed that CoD deficit on the third AT surface was larger than on NG (p= .008), the third AT was ranked higher for acceleration VAS score than the second AT (p=.003), and the third AT was ranked lower than NG for softness/compliance VAS score (p=.002). CONCLUSION: Interestingly, the participants in this study perceived the third AT to be a harder surface that they could accelerate better on, and yet CoD deficit, a measure that is improved by enhanced acceleration ability, was compromised on this surface compared to NG. These findings suggest that perceptions of the performance-related characteristics of AT and actual performance are not always congruent. KEYWORDS: Perception, Performance, Artificial turf, Natural Gras

Oracles of Bad Smells

A bad smell is an evidence of a design problem that may be harmful to the software maintenance. Several studies have been carried out to aid the identification of bad smells, by defining approaches or tools. Usually, the evaluation of these studies' results relies on data of oracles bad smells. An oracle is a set of data of bad smells found in a given software system. Such data serves as a referential template or a benchmark to evaluate the proposals on detecting bad smells. The availability and the quality of bad smell oracles are crucial to assert the quality of detection strategies of bad smells. This study aims to compile the bad smell oracles proposed in the literature. To achieve this, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify bad smell oracles and their characteristics. The main result of this study is a catalog of bad smell oracles that may be useful for research on bad smells, especially the studies that propose tools or detection strategies for bad smells

Genetic worth and diversity across 18 years in a Nordmann fir clonal seed orchard

International audienc

Microsatellites used to establish full pedigree in a half-sib trial and correlation between number of male strobili and paternal success

• Paternity was established in a field trial of Abies nordmanniana with open-pollinated (OP) offspring from a clonal seed orchard (CSO) comprising 23 clones. • The purposes were to: (1) investigate the violation of the assumption of true half-sibs in OP progeny trials; (2) assess the value of male strobili scorings to predict paternal contributions in CSOs; and (3) study the bias in breeding values and heritabilities obtained in breeding with OP family trials due to unknown paternity. • The paternal contribution to the offspring varied a lot among the clones, but the resulting violation of the assumption of true half-sibs in the progeny trial was only modest. • On average 84% of the relationships among the offspring were true half-sib, resulting in an average genetic correlation of 0.29 (range 0.26 to 0.33). • Male strobili scorings from the seed harvest year did well in forecasting the paternal contribution to the offspring. The linear regression of sired progeny on the estimated clonal proportion of male strobili explained 76% of the variation. • The large variation in siring success and existence of other types of relationships than true half-sibs among the offspring only gave minor bias in estimated genetic parameters