The historical development of dentistry in Hong Kong

Dentistry in Hong Kong during this century has advanced from an informal streetside practice to a discipline that now serves the community by way of registered oral health care personnel. Throughout the years, public attitudes towards dental care have also changed: from a palliative approach involving the extraction of teeth when pain arose, to the prevention of dental disease even at the formative stage of dentition through water fluoridation, regular therapeutic care, and oral health maintenance. The education and professionalisation of practitioners has evolved from apprenticeship to the establishment of a structured university curriculum and postgraduate specialist training of international standards.published_or_final_versio

Effect of SRP on relation of GCF IL-8 and granulocyte elastase to periodontopathogens

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The Influence of Intensive Programs on The Achievement of Islamic Religious Education Achievement in MTs Al-Arif Gempol Pasuruan

It is common for every educational institution to implement teaching programs according to the curriculum set by the government in this case the Ministry of National Education or the Department of Religion. When examined carefully education is a determinant of the direction of one's life which is the smallest component of a society and nation. That's why MTs Al-Arif Gempol Pasuruan deems it necessary to improve the quality and quantity of Educators, Students and Students Facilities which are called Intensive Programs. Because there is no known influence between the intensive program and the learning achievement of Islamic religious education, the authors intend to conduct research with quantitative and qualitative approaches to test hypotheses.This intensive program is an effort to improve student learning achievement by handling more education factors through competent teacher qualifications, selecting raw student input, adding curriculum or materials, fulfilling learning facilities and infrastructure and increasing learning time. Thus it is hoped that the elevation of student learning achievement will be better.From the research we have done, intensive programs affect the learning achievement of Islamic religious education, this is evidenced by the results of statistical analysis obtained sufficient or moderate correlation with the calculation of the final value of rxy = 0.525 this case if connoted by the interpretation table is at the number 0,400 - 0,700 which has a moderate or moderate meaning.Considering that there are still deficiencies that need to be addressed in this intensive program, including not yet maximizing teacher qualifications, some students who lack discipline, unequal mastery of the material and lack of learning facilities and infrastructure. Then the collaboration of the school, parents, and students needs to be improved.Keywords: Intensive Program, Learning Achievemen

Islamic Education Based On Local Wisdom For Strengthening Environmental Awareness: A Study Of The Tbilisi Declaration And The Teachings Of Sunan Muria

This study aims to analyze: 1) local wisdom of the Muria region as teaching materials for environmental-based Islamic education; 2) implementation of environmental-based Islamic education in MA NU Raden Umar Said (Manurus) and the Muria Forest Care Community Association (PMPH); and 3) the relevance of environmental-based Islamic education to the objectives of the Tbilisi Declaration and the teachings of Sunan Muria. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection techniques used are observation, in-depth and unstructured interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used is qualitative analysis. The results of the study indicate that: 1) Several aspects of local wisdom in Muria that can be used as teaching materials in the context of environmental-based Islamic education include culture, flora, and fauna contained in the teachings and local traditions of the Muria community; 2) Local wisdom-based Islamic education to strengthen environmental awareness carried out by Manurus is carried out through various activities, both in formal subjects and extracurricular activities such as OSIS, Culinary Arts, Batik Sekar, and Scouts. Meanwhile, PMPH Muria implements environmental education through forest conservation efforts, preserving flora and fauna, and increasing public awareness of the importance of nature conservation; and 3) Islamic education based on local wisdom to strengthen environmental awareness implemented by Manurus and PMPH Muria in accordance with the intent and purpose of the Tbilisi Declaration, and in line with the teachings of Sunan Muria which emphasize the values of simplicity, respect for nature, and environmental preservation as part of the teachings of Islam which is rahmatan lil-alamin

Interface between houses and streets: Understanding the spacial organisation of English speculative estates, 1880-2018

This thesis examines the spatial relationship between houses and streets in housing estates in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne between the 1880s and 2018. Urban form can be perceived as a bi-polar system of continuous open spaces of streets and discontinuous enclosed spaces of buildings. These two significantly different elements can be seen as fundamental parts of the spatial organisation of every city. Their distinction and interdependence is most visible on the interface between the two, as the interface not only divides but also forms and defines the spaces on both of its sides. The aim of this work is to examine how the interface between the architectural and urban form affects the structure and use of both. To achieve this two configurational approaches are combined in GIS: space syntax for the urban scale and graph representation for the architectural scale. In order to allow for comparison between the three urban elements: streets, houses and interfaces, the typologies of each were developed based on their topological characteristics. This work concludes with four main contributions to the body of knowledge. Firstly, it is observed that there is a fundamental mismatch between the architectural and urban scale in English housing estates. This is manifested as an increase over time in the number of important streets lined with passive interfaces, and in the number of houses that interface with the street network in an atypical manner. This highlights the importance of studying the way urban elements interact in order to assure that the full potential of both elements is met. Secondly, the mismatch between those scales progressively worsened over time. Thirdly, this thesis contributes an original dataset on the interfaces between houses and streets. Finally, an original methodological framework is proposed that allows for integration of the architectural and urban analyses in GIS

Architecture freedom. Future flexible spaces in architecture

LAUREA MAGISTRALEPoiché il campo dell'architettura continua a crescere e ad evolversi, dobbiamo riconoscere e considerare il futuro del nostro ambiente costruito. Avere un approccio più sensato quando si tratta di affrontare le mutevoli esigenze della società. Gli edifici costruiti con una durata media di 50 anni vengono spesso abbandonati e defunti a causa di questi problemi, il riutilizzo adattativo è stato spesso il metodo più comune per affrontare tali problemi. In che modo un edificio può far fronte a questi cambiamenti all'interno della società? La flessibilità e la polivalenza dei nostri progetti possono affrontare questi problemi?As the field of architecture continues to grow and evolve, we need to acknowledge and consider the future of our built environment. Having a more sensible approach when it comes to addressing the changing needs of society. Buildings constructed with an average life span of 50 years often get abandoned and defunct due to these problems, adaptive reuse has often been the most common method to deal with such problems. How can a building cater to these changes within society? Can the flexibility and polyvalencity of our designs address these issues

Between territories: Incremental changes to the domestic spatial interface between private and public domains

[EN] In this paper we investigate incremental changes to the relationship between private and public territory on the micro-morphological scale of the residential building-street interface. The building-street interface lies on the edge between two distinctively different spatial domains, the house and the street, and provides a buffer which may be adjusted to aid the transition from private to public territory. The structure of the space impacts both domains: it provides a fit transition from the private dwelling to the public territory, creates a space for probabilistic encounters between inhabitants and strangers, and maintains the liveability of the public street. The aim of this paper is threefold: Firstly, we recognise morphological differences in the structure of the interfaces and the way the transition from private to public territory was envisioned and designed in different societal periods. Secondly, we study incremental changes to the interface, representing individual adjustments to the private-public boundary, in order to recognize common types of adaptations to the existing structure of the interface. The history of changes to each individual building and building-street interface was traced by analysing planning applications and enforcements publicly provided by the city council. Lastly, we compare the capacity of each building-street interface to accommodate incremental change to the public-private transition. We argue that studying the incremental change of the interface and the capacity of each interface to accommodate micro-scale transformations aids in the understanding of the complex social relationship between an individual and a collective in the urban environment.Wir-Konas, A.; Seo, K. (2018). Between territories: Incremental changes to the domestic spatial interface between private and public domains. En 24th ISUF International Conference. Book of Papers. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 403-411. https://doi.org/10.4995/ISUF2017.2017.6061OCS40341

Om sanningen ska fram – En kritisk granskning av SOU 2014:31 om ett stärkt skydd för visselblåsare

En visselblåsare är den person som larmar om fara eller skada för allmänintresset inom ramen för en arbetsrelaterad relation. Personer som vågar blåsa i visslan hyllas ofta av allmänheten för sitt mod och det ligger i både arbetsgivarens, arbetstagarens och samhällets intresse att oegentligheter inom verksamheter kommer fram och kan avhjälpas. I gällande rätt finns inget enhetligt skydd för visselblåsare. Inom offentlig sektor finns skyddet huvudsakligen i den grundlagsstadgade yttrande- och meddelarfriheten. Inom privat sektor finns skyddet framför allt i de arbetsrättsliga reglerna om skydd mot ogrundat skiljande från anställning i 7 § och 18 § LAS samt det skydd mot ingripande åtgärder under pågående anställning som fastställts i Arbetsdomstolens praxis. Artikel 10 Europakonventionen ger där utöver ett visst skydd även för anställda inom privat sektor. Skyddet är emellertid avsevärt mycket starkare inom det offentliga än inom det privata. I maj 2014 presenterades betänkandet Visselblåsare – Stärkt skydd för arbetstagare som slår larm om allvarliga missförhållanden (SOU 2014:31). Som bakgrund till de förslag som lämnas i betänkandet anförs tre huvudmotiv. Det saknas en särskild skyddslagstiftning för arbetstagare som slår larm och det befintliga skyddet är allt för svåröverskådligt. Visselblåsning är ett viktigt samhällsintresse då en arbetstagares larm kan leda till att allvarliga missförhållanden kan upptäckas och avhjälpas. Vidare visar studier att arbetstagare ofta avstår från att slå larm. Det kan bero på att han eller hon är rädd för att drabbas av repressalier och är osäker på om något rättsligt skydd inträder vid uppgiftslämnandet. Det kan även bero på att arbetstagaren inte känner till hur han eller hon ska gå till väga med ett larm. Utredningen presenterar ett lagstiftningsförslag i tre delar. För det första föreslås en ny arbetsrättslig lag i syfte att förstärka skyddet för arbetstagare som slår larm om allvarliga missförhållanden inom sin verksamhet. För det andra föreslås att en ny regel som ålägger arbetsgivare att, i den mån verksamheten kräver det, säkerställa att det finns rutiner för interna larm om allvarliga missförhållanden. För det tredje föreslås regler till skydd för visselblåsarens identitet. Syftet med förevarande uppsats är att med utgångspunkt i en kritisk och problematiserande granskning av SOU 2014:31 om ett stärkt skydd för visselblåsare, utreda hur en eventuell lagstiftning gällande visselblåsning lämpligen bör utformas. I syfte att göra en så välgrundad bedömning som möjligt utreds även hur visselblåsning regleras i andra jurisdiktioner samt hur visselblåsning hanteras i praktiken av företag och offentliga organisationer i Sverige. Uppsatsens slutsatser är flera och mynnar ut i ett förslag till lagstiftaren. En slutsats är att ny lagstiftning om visselblåsning är både välmotiverad och nödvändig. Ytterligare en slutsats är att SOU 2014:31 kan läggas till grund för den nya lagstiftningen men att det finns anledning att överväga ett antal modifieringar av betänkandet. Exempelvis föreslås ett alternativt tillämpningsområde, mer långtgående regler till skydd för visselblåsarens identitet samt ett antal förenklingar som syftar till att den nya lagstiftningen som avsett ska vara tydlig och lättillämpad för den enskilda.A whistleblower is a person who reports or discloses information on a threat or harm to the public interest in the context of a work-based relationship. Persons who dare to blow the whistle are often times praised by the public for their courage and it is in the best interest of the employer as well as the employee and the society that wrongdoings within organizations are disclosed and eliminated. In Swedish law, there is no specific legislation for the protection of whistleblowers. Within the public sector, whistleblowers are protected mainly by the constitutional freedom of speech and the right to pass on information to the media. Employees within the private sector are protected by LAS (the Swedish Employment Protection Act) section 7 and 18, stipulating that the employer must have a just cause and objective grounds for a dismissal. Principles established in Labour Court case law protect employees against retaliation during an ongoing employment. Furthermore, private sector employees are to some extent protected under article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. However, the protection is significantly stronger within the public sector. In May 2014 the proposal `Visselblåsare – Stärkt skydd för arbetstagare som slår larm om allvarliga missförhållanden` (SOU 2014:31) was presented. As a background to the proposal, the Inquiry presents three main motives. There is no specific regulation for the protection of employees who report wrongdoings in the workplace and the current legal protection is difficult and complex. Whistleblowing is of important public interest as the disclosure of an employee can lead to serious wrongdoings being corrected or eliminated. Further, studies show that employees who observe wrongdoings often refrain from reporting these wrongdoings. The reason for this can be that he or she is afraid of retaliation, uncertain of their legal protection or that the employee does not know how to proceed with a report. The Inquiry presents a legislative proposal in three parts. Firstly, a new labour act on strengthened protection for employees who report or disclose serious wrongdoings in the employer’s organization. Secondly, a new rule that requires employers – in proportion to the organization’s needs – to make sure that there are routines for internal reporting of serious wrongdoings. Thirdly, the Inquiry proposes rules protecting the identity of the whistleblower. The purpose of this thesis is to, on the basis of a critical and problematizing review of SOU 2014:31, examine how Swedish legislation on whistleblowing preferably should be designed. In order to enable a well-grounded assessment, the purpose is furthermore to examine how whistleblowing is regulated in other jurisdictions as well as how whistleblowing issues are handeled by companies and public organizations in Sweden. The conclusions of the thesis are several and result in a proposal to the legislator. One conclusion is that new legislation on whistleblowing is both motivated and necessary. Another conclusion is that the new legislation can be based on the proposals in SOU 2014:31. However, there are grounds for considering some modifications of the report. For example, an alternative area of application is proposed, as well as more far-reaching rules protecting the identity of the whistleblower and a number of simplifications in order to ensure that the new legislation fulfills its purpose of being clear and easy to apply

Bevisprovokation och brottsprovokation- en begreppsanalys i syfte att utreda provokativa åtgärders tillåtlighet

Sammanfattning I bekämpningen av grov och organiserad brottslighet använder sig polisen i viss mån av provokativa åtgärder. Både inom polisväsendet och i den svenska rättstillämpningen görs ofta en distinktion mellan dels bevisprovokation, dels brottsprovokation. En spridd uppfattning är att bevisprovokation är tillåtet medan brottsprovokation inte är det. Varken provokativa åtgärder, bevis- eller brottsprovokation definieras eller regleras dock i lag och inget av begreppen kan sägas ha en fast juridisk innebörd. Bristen på definitioner av begreppsapparaten samt uttryckliga regler för begreppens tillämpning, distinktion och funktion leder till att provokation är ett svårhanterligt och farligt verktyg och risken för gränsdragningsproblem är uppenbar. Förevarande uppsats utgår från de båda begreppen bevisprovokation och brottsprovokation för att försöka utröna vad som är tillåtna provokativa åtgärder. Begreppen förklaras och analyseras utifrån hur de tolkats och tillämpats i svensk praxis och doktrin. Uppsatsens resultat visar att en provokations tillåtlighet inte helt enkelt kan härledas ur huruvida det rör sig om en bevisprovokation eller en brottsprovokation. Begreppen kan ge viss ledning men bedömningen måste koncentreras till hur åtgärden rent faktiskt har genomförts i det enskilda fallet. För att en provokation ska anses tillåten måste först ett visst antal principer beaktas. Principerna slogs fast i förarbetena till polislagen och anses komma till uttryck i lagens åttonde paragraf. Bland annat finns en behovsprincip, en proportionalitetsprincip samt ett krav på att det måste föreligga stark misstanke om brott. Vidare får provokationen givetvis inte innebära att Sverige handlar i strid mot Europakonventionen för de mänskliga rättigheterna. Artikel 6 och artikel 8 förhindrar allt för långtgående provokationer. Både enligt Europadomstolen och i inhemsk rätt anses det avgörande för en provokations tillåtlighet huruvida någon genom provokationen har förmåtts att begå en brottslig handling som denne annars aldrig hade begått. För att sätta den svenska rättens sätt att hantera frågan i perspektiv görs en komparation med motsvarande reglering i engelsk rätt. I den engelska rätten görs ingen begreppsdistinktion i bevis- och brottsprovokation. Man talar om entrapment som en motsvarighet till brottsprovokation. Det finns inga klara regler på området men praxis verkar erkänna provokativa åtgärder i större utsträckning än i Sverige. Däremot får man inte heller enligt engelsk rätt provocera någon att begå ett brott som denne utan provokationen inte hade begått.Summary In the fight against organised crime the police to some extent use entrapment. Both within the police and in Swedish application of the law the term of entrapment is often divided into entrapment in order to secure evidence for a crime already committed on the one hand and entrapment in order to provoke a crime on the other. A common apprehension is that entrapment in order to secure evidence is permissible whilst entrapment in order to provoke a crime is not. Neither of the terms, though, is defined or regulated by law and neither of the terms has a solid judicial construction. The lack of clear definitions and explicit regulation for the applicability, distinction and function of the terms makes entrapment a tool both dangerous and difficult to use. With the purpose to investigate what kind of entrapment is permissible, the thesis analyses the two terms: entrapment in order to prove a crime already committed and entrapment in order to provoke a crime. The terms are explained and analysed based on how they have been interpreted in Swedish custom law and doctrine. The result of the thesis shows that the permissibility of an entrapment is not directly dependent on whether it is to be derived to one term or the other. The terms do offer some guidance but the judgement however has to be focused on how the entrapment is carried through in the very special case. For an entrapment to be permissible first of all a few fundamental principles needs to be taken into consideration. The principles were established in the legislative history of the polislag and considered to be expressed in the eighth article of the law. For example there is the principle that entrapment needs to be used with proportionality. Moreover, Sweden has to make sure the entrapment does not constitute a breach to the European convention for human rights. Article 6 and 8 sets limits for to what extent entrapment can be used. Both according to the European court of human rights and in Sweden it is regarded to be crucial for the permissibility of an entrapment whether someone is provoked to commit an offence that he would not otherwise commit. To widen the perspective a comparison is carried out between the way the question of entrapment is handled in Sweden and England. In England the distinction in types of entrapment is made in a different way. There is no clear regulation of the area but the court seems to approve entrapment in a wider extent than in Sweden. However it is not allowed to provoke someone to commit an offence that he would not otherwise commit