A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Functional Analysis of Host Factors that Mediate the Intracellular Lifestyle of Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn), the major causative agent of human fungal meningoencephalitis, replicates within phagolysosomes of infected host cells. Despite more than a half-century of investigation into host-Cn interactions, host factors that mediate infection by this fungal pathogen remain obscure. Here, we describe the development of a system that employs Drosophila S2 cells and RNA interference (RNAi) to define and characterize Cn host factors. The system recapitulated salient aspects of fungal interactions with mammalian cells, including phagocytosis, intracellular trafficking, replication, cell-to-cell spread and escape of the pathogen from host cells. Fifty-seven evolutionarily conserved host factors were identified using this system, including 29 factors that had not been previously implicated in mediating fungal pathogenesis. Subsequent analysis indicated that Cn exploits host actin cytoskeletal elements, cell surface signaling molecules, and vesicle-mediated transport proteins to establish a replicative niche. Several host molecules known to be associated with autophagy (Atg), including Atg2, Atg5, Atg9 and Pi3K59F (a class III PI3-kinase) were also uncovered in our screen. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated depletion of these autophagy proteins in murine RAW264.7 macrophages demonstrated their requirement during Cn infection, thereby validating findings obtained using the Drosophila S2 cell system. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy analyses demonstrated that Atg5, LC3, Atg9a were recruited to the vicinity of Cn containing vacuoles (CnCvs) in the early stages of Cn infection. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy and/or PI3-kinase activity further demonstrated a requirement for autophagy associated host proteins in supporting infection of mammalian cells by Cn. Finally, systematic trafficking studies indicated that CnCVs associated with Atg proteins, including Atg5, Atg9a and LC3, during trafficking to a terminal intracellular compartment that was decorated with the lysosomal markers LAMP-1 and cathepsin D. Our findings validate the utility of the Drosophila S2 cell system as a functional genomic platform for identifying and characterizing host factors that mediate fungal intracellular replication. Our results also support a model in which host Atg proteins mediate Cn intracellular trafficking and replication

Análise do consumo de oxigênio, freqüência cardíaca e dispêndio energético, durante as aulas do Jump Fit Análisis del consumo de oxígeno, frecuencia cardiaca y dispendio energético en las clases de Jump Fit Analysis of the oxygen intake, cardiac frequency and energetic expenditure during Jump Fit lessons

As aulas de Jump Fit promovem a melhora da aptidão física geral, através de coreografias executadas sobre uma superfície elástica com variação de ritmo e movimentos, de forma intervalada, com baixo impacto. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o real dispêndio energético e o comportamento das variáveis metabólicas relacionadas às aulas do Jump Fit. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e avaliar o comportamento das variáveis funcionais, tais como: freqüência cardíaca (FC), consumo de oxigênio (VO2), produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2), quociente respiratório (QR), equivalente metabólico (MET) e dispêndio energético, através da mensuração por espirometria da rotina de uma aula de Jump Fit. Os testes foram realizados em quatro visitas, por 10 mulheres praticantes do Jump Fit, com idade de 26,8 anos (± 7,2), massa corporal de 57,6kg (± 6,8), estatura de 162,2cm (± 3,9). A avaliação espirométrica das diversas etapas da aula revelou os seguintes resultados médios: FC de 160,3bpm (± 8,9), VO2 de 1,59L.min-1 (± 0,45), QR 0,87 (± 0,10) e dispêndio energético total 386,4kcal (± 13,8). A intensidade média da aula de Jump Fit correspondeu a 75% (± 7,7) do VO2pico. Para a análise do comportamento das variáveis metabólicas nas diferentes etapas das aulas recorreu-se à ANOVA para medidas repetidas, com verificação de Bonferroni. O teste t foi utilizado para identificar se houve diferença entre as respostas funcionais nas fases de repouso e do EPOC. Foi adotado nível de significância de p < 0,05. Conclui-se que, a partir da magnitude das respostas funcionais, a aula do Jump Fit proporciona aumento da resistência cardiorrespiratória, contribuindo de forma efetiva para a manutenção e melhora da aptidão física e saúde na qualidade de vida.<br>Las clases de Jump Fit producen mejora en la capacidad física general mediante coreografías que se ejecutan sobre una superficie elástica, con variación de ritmo y movimientos, en forma intermitente, con bajo impacto. Sin embargo, es escaso el conocimiento que se tiene acerca del dispendio real energético y del comportamiento de las variables metabólicas relacionadas a las clases de Jump Fit. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de identificar y evaluar el comportamiento de las variables funcionales, como: frecuencia cardiaca (FC), consumo de oxígeno (VO2), producción de dióxido de carbono (VCO2), cuociente respiratorio (QR), equivalente metabólico (MET) y dispendio energético a través de la medición por espirometría de la rutina de una clase de Jump Fit. Las pruebas se realizaron en cuatro visitas por 10 mujeres que practican Jump Fit, con edad de 26,8 años (± 7,2), masa corporal de 57,6kg (± 6,8), altura de 162,2cm (± 3,9). La evaluación espirométrica de las diversas etapas de la clase reveló los siguientes resultados promedios: FC de 160,3bpm (± 8,9), VO2 de 1,59L.min-1 (± 0,45), QR 0,87 (± 0,10) y dispendio energético total 386,4kcal (± 13,8). El promedio de intensidad de la clase de Jump Fit correspondió al 75% (± 7,7) del VO2máximo. Para el análisis del comportamiento de las variables metabólicas en las distintas etapas de las clases se utilizó la ANOVA para medidas repetidas, con verificación de Bonferroni. Se empleó la prueba t para determinar se hubo diferencia entre las respuestas funcionales en las fases de reposo y del EPOC. Se adoptó el nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. Se concluye que, a partir de la magnitud de las respuestas funcionales, la clase de Jump Fit proporciona aumento de la resistencia cardiorespiratoria, lo que contribuye en forma efectiva para el mantenimiento y la mejora de la capacidad física, salud y calidad de vida.<br>Jump Fit lessons further the improvement of the general physical fitness through choreographies performed on an elastic surface with rhythm and movements variation with intervals and low impact. However, not much is known about the actual energetic expenditure and the behavior of the metabolic variables related to Jump Fit lessons. The objective of this study was to identify and to evaluate the behavior of the functional variables such as: heart rate (HR), oxygen intake (VO2), metabolic equivalent (MET) and energetic expenditure through routine spirometry measurement of a Jump Fit lesson. The tests were performed in four visits by 10 women who practice Jump Fit with age of 26.8 (± 7.2), body mass of 57.6 kg (± 6.8) and height of 162.2 cm (± 3.9). The spirometric evaluation of the several stages of the lesson revealed the following average results: HR of 160.3 bpm (± 8.9), VO2 of 1.59 L.min-1 (± 0.45), RQ 0.87 (± 0.10) and total energetic expenditure of 386.4 kcal (± 13.8). The Jump Fit lesson average intensity corresponded to 75% (± 7.7) of the VO2peak. For the analysis of the metabolic variables behavior in the different stages of the lessons, the results were treated through ANOVA for repeated measures with Bonferroni verification. The t-test was used to identify if differences between the functional responses in rest and EPOC phases occurred. The level of significance of p < 0.05 was adopted. It was concluded that from the magnitude of the functional responses, the Jump Fit lesson provides increase on the cardiorespiratory resistance, thus contributing effectively for the maintenance and improvement of the physical fitness and health in quality of life

Development of new instrument for evaluating leg motions using acceleration sensors

The purpose of this study is to develop a new system for measuring leg motions using a portable three-dimensional accelerometer. The measuring system is composed of acceleration sensors (Micro Stone, MA3-10Ac), a data logger, a data reader, and a personal computer. The personal computer draws a graph of the acceleration of movements (i.e., accelerogram) from the output signals of the acceleration sensors. We then calculated the average acceleration to evaluate leg motions. We drew the accelerograms from 19 young subjects and 36 elderly subjects during the performance of physical fitness activities and walking. Different accelerograms were obtained from two subjects for different walking styles. The average accelerations at the lumbar, ankle and toe points were higher at all axes during movements from the physical fitness activities in the elderly subjects. The accelerations of leg motion at the knee point were, however, lower in the up and down axis in the elderly subjects than in the young subjects, although they were higher in the back and forth and the right and left axes. The new instrument has enabled us to evaluate leg motions by measuring three-dimensional acceleration during the performance of physical fitness activities and walking. The average accelerations of leg motions showed age-related changes. Thus, the average acceleration of leg motions may be used as a new index for evaluating leg motions at the dynamic state

Gastrointestinal and external parasitism in the Magellanic Horned Owl Bubo magellanicus (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in Chile

Abstract To describe the parasitic community of the Magellanic Horned Owl, Bubo magellanicus (Aves, Strigiformes), 19 carcasses from central Chile were analyzed. Ectoparasites were collected through plumage inspection, while endoparasites were collected through traditional techniques of parasitological necropsy. Sixteen owls were infected with at least one species of ectoparasite (84.21%) or endoparasite (31.58%). Eleven of 19 birds (57.89%) harbored feather mites of the three species Pandalura cirrata (42.11%), Glaucalges attenuatus (47.37%), and Kramerella sp. (10.53%), whereas 16 individuals (84.21%) harbored the chewing louse Strigiphilus chilensis. Only six birds (31.58%) were infected with helminths; the nematodes Capillaria tenuissima (26.32%) and Dispharynx nasuta (5.26%); the acanthocephalan Centrorhynchus spinosus (5.26%); and the trematode Neodiplostomum sp. (5.26%). Apart from S . chilensis, all parasites comprised new records for B . magellanicus