Persistence of benthiocarb in soil: influence of ultraviolet and sunlight

Persistence of benthiocarb in soil as affected by UV and sunlight exposure was studied. Treated soil was placed in petri-plate, brought to field capacity moisture and then exposed to UV and sunlight. Residues of benthiocarb in soil dissipated with half-lives of 2.10, 11.85 and 43.63 days under UV, sunlight and dark condition, respectively. Soil samples kept under dark showed the slowest dissipation. Further, benthiocarb residues dissipated quickly under UV light as compared to sunlight. Exposure of thin film of benthiocarb confirmed that it is photo labile and dissipated very fast with half-life of 1.16 and 1.77days following exposure to UV and sunlight, respectively. The study revealed that UV component of sunlight is an important factor for benthiocarb dissipation

Degradation dynamics and risk assessment of chlorpyriphos in/on cabbage under different culinary processes

Chlorpyriphos 20 EC was applied at the rate of 500 g a.i. ha-1 in Cabbage heads and the samples harvested at intervals of 0 (2 hours after application), 1 and 7 days after application. The calculated half-life value and safe waiting period (8.75 and 45.29 days respectively), indicated its longer persistence. Thus, to reduce the safe waiting period, efforts were made to decontaminate the Chlorpyriphos residue from Cabbage head by various household preparations (viz. washing, cooking, washing plus cooking, salt water dipping, dipping in boiled salt water, dipping in detergent solution and dipping in boiled detergent solution). Statistical analysis of the data using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test revealed that various household processing substantially reduced the residue of Chlorpyriphos in Cabbage heads in the range of 27.89-73.32 % but none were able to satisfactorily bring down the residue below the tolerance level of 0.05 mg kg-1. A minimum of about twelve days was suggested as safe waiting period

Interaction of a di-nitro aniline herbicide (Trifluralin) with soil vegetation system under sub-tropic condition: A dissipation kinetics study

A field study was carried out to investigate persistence and dissipation kinetics of Trifluralin (48 EC) applied pre emergently in Green gram (Variety T-44) @ 1 Kg ai ha-1 (T1) and 2 Kg ai ha-1 (T2) for the control of broad leaf weeds during kharif 2006. The dissipation on 90 days was around 71.56 - 64.55% in T1 and T2. Kinetics studies revealed that dissipation of Trifluralin residues followed first order kinetics. The half life values observed were 60.21 days in T1 and 75.56 days in T2. Irrespective of any dose no residues were detected in cropped soil as well as plant samples at harvest

Status of sennosides content in various Indian herbal formulations: Method standardization by HPTLC

Several poly-herbal formulations containing senna (Cassia angustifolia) leaves are available in the Indian market for the treatment of constipation. The purgative effect of senna is due to the presence of two unique hydroxy anthracene glycosides sennosides A and B. A HPTLC method for the quantitative analysis of sennosides A and B present in the formulation has been developed. Methanol extract of the formulations was analyzed on a silica gel 60 GF254 HPTLCplates with spot visualization under UV and scanning at 350 nm in absorption/ reflection mode. Calibration curves were found to be linear in the range 200-1000 μg. The correlation coefficients were found to be 0.991 for sennoside A and 0.997 for sennoside B. The average recovery rate was 95% for sennoside A and 97% for sennoside B showing the reliability and reproducibility of the method. Limit of detection and quantification were determined as 0.05 and 0.25 μg/g respectively. The validity of the method with respect to analysis was confirmed by comparing the UV spectra of the herbal formulations with that of the standard within the same Rf window. The analysis revealed a significant variation in sennosides content

Persistence and Dissipation of Propineb-A Dithiocarbamate Fungicide in Potato under East-Indian Climatic Conditions

ABSTRACT A two season study (Season-I: October, 2005 January, 2006 and Season-II: October, 2006 January, 2007 on the persistence of propineb (Propineb 70% WP) was undertaken with potatoes at two different locations having two different types of soil: new alluvial and old alluvial, respectively. Two dosage rates were applied: 2.5 and 5.0 kg ai ha -1 twice with a 15-day interval. More than 94% of the initial residues of propineb in the potato tubers dissipated within 15 days after application irrespective of dose, season and location. The residue was detectable up to 20 days after the last application of the fungicide. Assuming first order kinetics, the half-life values varied from 2.59 to 3.48 days. A safe waiting period of 10 days is recommended for potatoes

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Dissipation Kinetics of Benthiocarb in Water at Different pH levels under Laboratory Condition

ABSTRACT: Laboratory degradation studies were performed in water at pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.2 using Benthiocarb (Saturn 50 EC) formulation at the rates of 1.0 (T 1 ) and 2.0 (T 2 ) µg/mL. Water samples collected on 0 (2h), 3,7,15,30,45,60 and 90 days after treatments were processed for residue analysis of benthiocarb by GC-NPD capillary system. In 60 days, dissipation was 92.82-93.81 % at pH 4.0, 89.12-90.63 % at pH 7.0, and 92.67-93.88 % at pH 9.2 in both treatments showing very little effect of pH on dissipation. The half-life periods observed were 15.13 and 16.01 days at pH 4.0, 17.92 and 18.81 days at pH 7.0 and 11.32 and 12.54 days at pH 9.2 at T 1 and T 2 doses respectively. Dissipation followed a triphasic first order kinetics in water at all the three pH levels