Corporate dentistry Upholding dental standards

The use of materials such as paraffin is widespread in modern energy industries. The ability to absorb a large amount of energy during a phase transition at a constant temperature conditions allows to store and transport the heat. The intensity of melting is related to the thermophysical characteristics of the material and the geometric parameters of the system. Heat transfer inside the system is carried out due to the heat conduction, while in the melt the convective heat transfer intensifies the process. In this paper, a numerical study of heat transfer inside a domain filled with paraffin with nanoparticles and heated from a source of constant volumetric heat generation is performed. A two-dimensional model of the melting process has been formulated in the dimensionless variables “stream function–vorticity–temperature” taking into account the natural convective heat transfer occurring in the melt. The system of partial differential equations has been solved using the finite difference method. The simulation has been carried out at different inclination angles of the considered system. Local and integral characteristics of the melting process at different heating levels of the system have been obtained

A meta-analysis of correlated behaviours with implications for behavioural syndromes: Mean effect size, publication bias, phylogenetic effects and the role of mediator variables

In evolutionary and behavioural ecology, increasing attention is being paid to the fact that functionally distinct behaviours are often not independent from each other. Such phenomenon is labelled as behavioural syndrome and is usually demonstrated by phenotypic correlations between behaviours like activity, exploration, aggression and risk-taking across individuals in a population. However, published studies disagree on the strength, and even on the existence of such relationships. To make general inferences from this mixed evidence, we quantitatively reviewed the literature using modern meta-analytic approaches. Based on a large dataset, we investigated the overall relationship between behaviours that are expected to form a syndrome and tested which factors can mediate heterogeneities in study outcomes. The average strength of the phenotypic correlation between behaviours was weak; we found no effect of the phylogeny of species but did observe significant publication bias. However, even accounting for this bias, the mean effect size was positive and statistically different from zero (r = 0. 198). Effect sizes showed considerable heterogeneity within species, implying a role for population-specific adaptation to environmental factors and/or between-study differences in research design. There was a significant positive association between absolute effect size and repeatability of behaviours, suggesting that within-individual variation of behavioural traits can set up an upper limit for the strength of the detected phenotypic correlations. Moreover, spatial overlap between the contexts in which different behaviours were assayed increased the magnitude of the association. The small effect size for the focal relationship implies that a huge sample size would be required to demonstrate a correlation between behaviours with sufficient statistical power, which is fulfilled only in very few studies. This suggests that behavioural syndromes often remain undetected and unpublished. Collectively, our meta-analysis revealed a number of points that might be worth to consider in the future study of behavioural syndromes. © 2012 The Author(s).Peer Reviewe