'You are too square, I need to straighten you out': The Tamed Rebels of 1950s Coming-of-Age Films in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Coming-of-Age films have in common that they must address the social contradictions an adolescent experiences as he or she joins the world of adults. At the same time they have to come to a resolution of these contradictions that is acceptable to the audiences as well as the direct or indirect mechanisms of censorship of the movie industry. In the aftermath of World War II,  a number of social paradigms had been upset (as for example gender roles, intergenerational relations, representations of state and paternal authority).The 1950s were thus a time when the contradictions experienced by all generations of adolescents were even more acutely brought to the foreground and thus represent a particularly fertile ground for this genre. The Coming-of Age films of this period played a crucial role in reintroducing established social paradigms by way of offering “false closures” that temporarily offered resolutions to the contradictions experienced by this particular generation of young adults

Rayleigh-Benard convection with phase changes in a Galerkin model

The transition to turbulence in Rayleigh-Benard convection with phase changes and the resulting convective patterns are studied in a three-dimensional Galerkin model. Our study is focused to the conditionally unstable regime of moist convection in which the stratification is stable for unsaturated air parcels and unstable for saturated parcels. We perform a comprehensive statistical analysis of the transition to convection that samples the dependence of attractors (or fixed points) in the phase space of the model on the dimensionless parameters. Conditionally unstable convection can be initiated either from a fully unsaturated linearly stable equilibrium or a fully saturated linearly unstable equilibrium. Highly localized moist convection can be found in steady state, in oscillating recharge-discharge regime or turbulent in dependence on the aspect ratio and the degree of stable stratification of the unsaturated air. Our phase space analysis predicts parameter ranges for which self-sustained convective regimes in the case of subcritical conditional instability can be observed. The observed regime transitions for moist convection bear some similarities to transitions to turbulence in simple shear flows.Comment: 30 pages, 14 Postscript figure

Moist turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection with Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions

Turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection with phase changes in an extended layer between two parallel impermeable planes is studied by means of three-dimensional direct numerical simulations for Rayleigh numbers between 10^4 and 1.5\times 10^7 and for Prandtl number Pr=0.7. Two different sets of boundary conditions of temperature and total water content are compared: imposed constant amplitudes which translate into Dirichlet boundary conditions for the scalar field fluctuations about the quiescent diffusive equilibrium and constant imposed flux boundary conditions that result in Neumann boundary conditions. Moist turbulent convection is in the conditionally unstable regime throughout this study for which unsaturated air parcels are stably and saturated air parcels unstably stratified. A direct comparison of both sets of boundary conditions with the same parameters requires to start the turbulence simulations out of differently saturated equilibrium states. Similar to dry Rayleigh-Benard convection the differences in the turbulent velocity fluctuations, the cloud cover and the convective buoyancy flux decrease across the layer with increasing Rayleigh number. At the highest Rayleigh numbers the system is found in a two-layer regime, a dry cloudless and stably stratified layer with low turbulence level below a fully saturated and cloudy turbulent one which equals classical Rayleigh-Benard convection layer. Both are separated by a strong inversion that gets increasingly narrower for growing Rayleigh number.Comment: 19 pages, 13 Postscript figures, Figures 10,11,12,13, in reduced qualit

Left ventricular clefts - incidental finding or pathologic sign of Wilson's disease?

Background: Wilson’s disease is an inherited autosomal recessive multi-systemic disorder characterized by reduced excretion and consequently excessive accumulation of copper in different organs, such as the heart. Results: In a prospective controlled trial, which is the largest to date, we evaluated 61 patients with Wilson’s disease, age- and sex-matched to 61 healthy patients, for cardiac manifestation using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Patients were under stable disease and had no signs of heart failure at the time of examination. We detected a left ventricular cleft, an invagination penetrating more than 50% wall thickness of the adjoining compact myocardium in diastole, in 20% of the patients (12 out of 61) compared to 5% among control patients (3 out of 61, p = 0.013). No correlation between the incidence of cleft and a certain genotype of Wilson’s disease was found. All described cases were incidental findings and none of the patients showed other signs of cardiac involvement. Conclusions: To conclude, the results of this study suggests that the increased occurrence of left ventricular clefts is due to Wilson’s disease. Large studies with a long observation period are needed for further evaluation

Georeferenced digital photography for an objective and reproducible quantification of staging sea birds

Ein Ausbau der Windenergienutzung auf See könnte zu einem deutlichen Verlust an störungsfreien Überwinterungs- und Rastgebieten für Seevögel führen. Um die Auswirkungen von Windparks vor, während und nach ihrem Bau einschätzen zu können, werden im derzeitigen Standarduntersuchungskonzept des Bundesamtes für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH) neben schiffs- auch flugzeugbasierte Vogelzählungen empfohlen. Diese visuellen Transektzählungen haben jedoch methodische Nachteile. Aus der zur Arterkennung erforderlichen Flughöhe (78 m) und mit entsprechender Fluggeschwindigkeit können bei hohem Vogelaufkommen lediglich grobe Bestandskategorien geschätzt werden. Darüber hinaus üben Flugzeuge in dieser Höhe eine Scheuchwirkung auf Rastvögel aus, wodurch die Erfassbarkeit einiger Arten (v. a. Trauerenten) zusätzlich erschwert und die zu untersuchende Störwirkung von Windparks überlagert wird. In der vorliegenden Pilotstudie vergleichen wir eine herkömmliche Flugzeugtransektzählung mit einer kurz zuvor durchgeführten fotografischen Seevogelerfassung über der Wismarbucht in der deutschen Ostsee. Die fotografische Kartierung erfolgte mit einer hoch auflösenden Digitalkamera (39 Megapixel) aus 200 m Höhe. Entlang definierter Transekte wurden in regelmäßigen Abständen 415 entzerrte, maßstabsgetreue Digitalfotos (Orthofotos) aufgenommen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass bei der herkömmlichen Flugzeugtransektzählung die Bestände von Meeresenten (Eider-, Eis-, Trauerenten) deutlich unterschätzt wurden. Die Abweichung gegenüber der fotografischen Methode variierte deutlich zwischen den Arten. Während des visuellen Zählflugs wurden ohne Korrekturfaktoren 85 % (Eiderente), 41 % (Eisente) und lediglich 2 % (Trauerente) der fotografisch nachgewiesenen Individuen erfasst. Die Ursachen für diese quantitativen Unterschiede werden diskutiert.An expansion of offshore wind energy production could lead to a significant loss of wintering and staging habitats for seabirds. To assess the impact of wind farms before, during and after their construction, the standard investigation concept of the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) currently recommends ship- and aircraft-based bird surveys. Observationbased aerial surveys, however, have methodological disadvantages: Low flight elevation (78 m), necessary for species recognition, and high flight speed in combination with large numbers of birds allow only rough population estimates. In addition, aircrafts flying at this elevation disturb resting birds, further obstructing their quantification. In this pilot study, we compared visually estimated seabird numbers collected during an aerial transect survey with numbers derived from digital aerial photographs of the same transects. The photographic survey was carried out shortly before the visual survey at a height of 200 m above sea level using a high-resolution digital camera (39 Mega pixels). 415 vertical photos corrected for geometry and scale were taken at regular intervals along defined transects. The results of this study suggest that the observational survey significantly underestimated the number of sea ducks. The difference between visual and photographic methods varied considerably among species: 85% (Common Eider, Somateria mollissima), 41% (Long-tailed Duck, Clangula hyemalis) and only 2% (Common Scoter, Melanitta nigra) of the photographically documented individuals were observed. The reasons for these quantitative differences are discussed

The Effect of a Commercially Available Caffeine Based Dietary Supplement on 40-Kilometer Time Trial Performance

Purpose: To determine wheather ot not the nutritional supplement PreRace containing L-Taurine, Citrulline Malate, Quercetin, DiMethyl Amino Ethanol, Caffeine, Metabromine, Catechin, and Malic acid will improve performance in an indoor 40 Kilometer cycling time trial.Methods: Seven male cyclists ages 21-58 participated in a placebo-controlled investigation which consisted of two trials in which they consumed either the supplement PreRace or aloe vera juice. In each of the trials the placebo or supplement was mixed with a sports beverage. Subjects performed a 40 kilometer time trial and measurements of oxygen consumption and lactate were taken every 15 minutes as well as 3 kilometers from the end.Results: Treatment effects were observed for average work, average watts, average velocity, oxygen consumption, heart rate, RPE, lactate, percentage of lactate threshold watts, and percentage of VO2max. No significant difference was observed in time to complete trials even though the experimental group finished an average of 3 minutes and 17 seconds faster.Conclusion: Ingestion of the supplement in this study results in effects that may result in an improvement in performance. A larger study is needed to determine if these results are reproducible to a statistically significant leve

Study of ozone smog episodes by Lidar 3D measurements in Lyon and Paris during summer 1999

Every summer, ozone smog episodes systematically take place in large agglomerations. In order to prevent them, a better understanding of formation dynamics is needed using numerical models. These models must, however, be validated. Lidar is a unique tool for this task since it provides 3D measurements, for example combining 2D spatial measurements with time in an "animation movie". We present here two recent examples of such ozone Lidar measurement campaigns: the first over Lyon, was mainly used to evaluate a UAM-V type photochemical model and obtain ozone inter comparison data between ground level monitors and Lidar results. The other was performed in Paris and dedicated to validating the Lidar measurements themselves

Strukturdaten des Naturkostfachhandels: Erhebung des Status quo und Aufbau eines Instrumentariums zur kontinuierlichen Strukturbeschreibung des Bio-Marktsegmentes Naturkostfachhandel

Der spezialisierte Naturkosthandel stellt in Deutschland traditionell einen wichtigen Absatzkanal für Öko-Lebensmittel dar. Zu Beginn des zweijährigen Projektes im Dezember 2009 lagen zu den Strukturen der Branche keine vollständigen und abgesicherten Daten vor. Dies galt insbesondere für den Naturkosteinzelhandel, aber auch den Naturkostgroßhandel. Es bestand eine relativ hohe Marktintransparenz. Vor diesem Hintergrund zielte das Vorhaben zunächst auf die Erhebung der Grundgesamtheit des Naturkosteinzelhandels ab. Zum Oktober 2010 wurden 2.346 Naturfachgeschäfte ermittelt. Aus der Grundgesamtheit wurde eine repräsentative Stichprobe von 319 Geschäften für die Durchführung von Face-to-Face-Interviews gezogen. Im Ergebnis lagen auswertbare Daten von 254 Geschäften vor, die detaillierte Auskünfte über u. a. Verkaufsflächen, Umsätze, Sortimentsstrukturen und Bezugsquellen der Einzelhändler ermöglichen. Zur Analyse der Großhandelsstrukturen wurden rund 131 Großhändler und Hersteller, die den Naturkosteinzelhandel direkt beliefern, telefonisch kontaktiert und nach bestimmten Kriterien befragt. Mit einer weitergehenden schriftlichen Befragung konnten auswertbare Ergebnisse von 28 Unternehmen erzielt werden, die erstmals vertiefte Einblicke in Umsätze sowie die Umsatzanteile verschiedener Kundengruppen und Sortimente geben. Auf der Grundlage der erhobenen Daten wurde ein Verfahren zur Hochrechnung des Marktvolumens der Naturkostbranche erarbeitet. Dazu wurden sechs verschiedene Varianten getestet und diskutiert. Die letztlich ausgewählte Variante kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass das Marktvolumen des Naturkostfachhandels im Jahr 2009 1,77 Milliarden Euro betrug. Abschließend wurden mögliche Varianten für eine Datenfortschreibung (Strukturdaten und Hochrechnung des Marktvolumens) diskutiert. Dieses erfolgte sowohl auf der Basis der im Projekt erhobenen Daten als auch auf der Basis von bestehenden Datenquellen, die Teile der Naturkostbranche im Rahmen von Stichproben abbilden