Lack of efflux mediated quinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A.

International audienceSalmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A isolates from human patients in France displaying different levels of resistance to quinolones or fluoroquinolones were studied for resistance mechanisms to these antimicrobial agents. All resistant isolates carried either single or multiple target gene mutations (i.e., in gyrA, gyrB, or parC) correlating with the resistance levels observed. Active efflux, through upregulation of multipartite efflux systems, has also been previously reported as contributing mechanism for other serovars. Therefore, we investigated also the occurrence of non-target gene mutations in regulatory regions affecting efflux pump expression. However, no mutation was detected in these regions in both Typhi and Paratyphi isolates of this study. Besides, no overexpression of the major efflux systems was observed for these isolates. Nevertheless, a large deletion of 2334 bp was identified in the acrS-acrE region of all S. Typhi strains but which did not affect the resistance phenotype. As being specific to S. Typhi, this deletion could be used for specific molecular detection purposes. In conclusion, the different levels of quinolone or FQ resistance in both S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A seem to rely only on target modifications

Tant, étude d'un marqueur de transfert dans les textes épiques du moyen français

Michèle Perret, dans sa thèse consacrée à la localisation spatiale en moyen français (Perret, 1988 : 5), a montré que dans une perspective diachronique il n'était pas évident de se pencher sur « des structures qui se sont maintenues dans une forme apparemment semblable du XIe siècle à nos jours » ; elle a noté qu'il était également difficile « d'éviter le réflexe des philologues cherchant à éviter toute solution de continuité entre le latin et l'ancien français » ; elle a aussi constaté que l..

Basin, un père aimant et tendre dans la chanson d'Auberi le Bourgoin

Les chansons de geste sont connues pour mettre en scène des guerriers farouches dont les préoccupations parentales se réduisent au souci de la gloire et de la pérennité de leur lignage : dès que les jeunes atteignent l'âge adulte, les pères (Aymeri de Narbonne en est le représentant le plus célèbre) les obligent avec une extrème violence à quitter leurs terres afin qu'ils puissent par eux-mêmes faire l'épreuve de leur vaillance et se montrer dignes de leurs ancêtres. Quand on parle de jeunes ..

« Dieu qui fit parler l’image » Un problème d’emploi de l’article dans une formule épique médiévale

On tentera, tout en élucidant le sens d’une structure formulaire propre aux chansons de geste, de traiter un problème de référence, liée à l’emploi de l’article défini. Dans une interprétation ancienne, qui a acquis valeur de tradition, l’objet déterminé, « l’image » a été compris comme un élément connu de tous et facilement accessible dans l’univers de pensée en question. Cette étude critique cette analyse et énonce les critères qui prouvent qu’il s’agit d’une anaphore associative.The aim of this paper is not only to explain the meaning of an epic medieval pattern, but also to study a problem linked to reference. In the pattern « Dieu qui fit parler l’image », the definite article has been analyzed, in precedent studies, as an element introducing a well known object at the time of the texts. This paper wants to offer proofs that the determinant in the sequence « l’image » has another value, an anaphorical associative one

Re- dans tous ses états, un « préfixe » marquant l’aspect implicatif

Cet article étudie la valeur d’un élément conçu comme un préfixe, la particule Re-. Au lieu d’en étudier la valeur traditionnelle de « en arrière », on se propose d’y voir une valeur aspectuelle, qui marque une sorte d’implication passive du sujet. L’élément étudié agit sur l’action du verbe, peut la faire rebondir, la renvoyer au fond des choses et va parfois jusqu’à l’annihiler. L’étude se veut diachronique et se conduit du latin à l’ancien français pour aller jusqu’à l’anglais et au français moderne.This article examines the semantic value of a prefixed element Re-. Instead of studying the current value of back, again, the article proposes to establish another one: the aspectual value of involvement. The prefix can act on the action of the verb, can make it bounce, return to the bottom of it, and even destroy it. The study is a diachronic one and goes from Latin to Old French, English, modern French

De Tant que à Tant que… ne…

Cet article propose une étude de deux locutions distinctes, tant que (à valeur consécutive et temporelle dans la langue médiévale, principalement consécutive ensuite) et tant que… ne, locution temporelle, apparue en français classique, qui n’est pas un sous-type négatif de la précédente mais note un déséquilibre qui ne s’inversera que lorsque la proposition perdra sa valeur de vérité. L’élément tant,  jamais porteur d’intensité, marque une opération mentale, le passage dans un monde stabilisé et quantifié. C’est là un cas très spécial de grammaticalisation : un élément porteur dès l’origine d’une valeur très abstraite et qui manifeste un retour du consécutif au temporel.This article presents a study of two distinct subordinators, tant que (consecutive and temporal value in the medieval language, mostly consecutive after) and tant que…ne, temporal subordinator, which appeared in Classic French, which is not a subtype negative of the previous but notes an imbalance that will not reverse until the proposal will lose its truth value. The element tant, never carries intensity, represents a mental operation, the passage in a world stabilized and quantified. This is a very special case of grammaticalization: a carrier from the beginning of a very abstract value, and has a return from consecutive to time

Heterogeneity of Persistence of Salmonella enterica Serotype Senftenberg Strains Could Explain the Emergence of this Serotype in Poultry Flocks

Salmonella enterica serotype Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) has recently become more frequent in poultry flocks. Moreover some strains have been implicated in severe clinical cases. To explain the causes of this emergence in farm animals, 134 S. Senftenberg isolates from hatcheries, poultry farms and human clinical cases were analyzed. Persistent and non-persistent strains were identified in chicks. The non-persistent strains disappeared from ceca a few weeks post inoculation. This lack of persistence could be related to the disappearance of this serotype from poultry farms in the past. In contrast, persistent S. Senftenberg strains induced an intestinal asymptomatic carrier state in chicks similar to S. Enteritidis, but a weaker systemic infection than S. Enteritidis in chicks and mice. An in vitro analysis showed that the low infectivity of S. Senftenberg is in part related to its low capacity to invade enterocytes and thus to translocate the intestinal barrier. The higher capacity of persistent than non-persistent strains to colonize and persist in the ceca of chickens could explain the increased persistence of S. Senftenberg in poultry flocks. This trait might thus present a human health risk as these bacteria could be present in animals before slaughter and during food processing

Cotton pest management practices and the selection of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae population in Northern Benin

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pyrethroid insecticides, carbamate and organophosphate are the classes of insecticides commonly used in agriculture for crop protection in Benin. Pyrethroids remain the only class of insecticides recommended by the WHO for impregnation of bed nets. Unfortunately, the high level of pyrethroid resistance in <it>Anopheles gambiae </it>s.l., threatens to undermine the success of pyrethroid treated nets. This study focuses on the investigation of agricultural practices in cotton growing areas, and their direct impact on larval populations of <it>An. gambiae </it>in surrounding breeding sites.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The protocol was based on the collection of agro-sociological data where farmers were subjected to semi-structured questionnaires based on the strategies used for crop protection. This was complemented by bioassay tests to assess the susceptibility of malaria vectors to various insecticides. Molecular analysis was performed to characterize the resistance genes and the molecular forms of <it>An. gambiae</it>. Insecticide residues in soil samples from breeding sites were investigated to determine major factors that can inhibit the normal growth of mosquito larvae by exposing susceptible and resistant laboratory strains.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There is a common use by local farmers of mineral fertilizer NPK at 200 kg/ha and urea at 50 kg/hectare following insecticide treatments in both the Calendar Control Program (CCP) and the Targeted Intermittent Control Program (TICP). By contrast, no chemicals are involved in Biological Program (BP) where farmers use organic and natural fertilizers which include animal excreta.</p> <p>Susceptibility test results confirmed a high resistance to DDT. Mean mortality of <it>An. gambiae </it>collected from the farms practicing CCP, TICP and BP methods were 33%, 42% and 65% respectively. <it>An. gambiae </it>populations from areas using the CCP and TICP programs showed resistance to permethrin with mortality of 50% and 58% respectively. By contrast, bioassay test results of <it>An. gambiae </it>from BP areas gave a high level of susceptibility to permethrin with an average mortality of 94%.</p> <p>Molecular analysis identified <it>An. gambiae </it>s.s, and <it>An. arabiensis </it>with a high predominance of <it>An. gambiae s.s </it>(90%). The two molecular forms, M and S, were also determined with a high frequency of the S form (96%).</p> <p>The <it>Kdr </it>gene seemed the main target- site resistance mechanism detected in CCP, TICP, and BP areas at the rates ranging from 32 to 78%. The frequency of <it>ace-1R </it>gene was very low (< 0.1).</p> <p>The presence of inhibiting factors in soil samples under insecticide treatments were found and affected negatively in delaying the development of <it>An. gambiae </it>larval populations.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This research shows that <it>Kdr </it>has spread widely in <it>An. gambiae</it>, mainly in CCP and TICP areas where pyrethroids are extensively used. To reduce the negative impact of pesticides use in cotton crop protection, the application of BP-like programs, which do not appear to select for vector resistance would be useful. These results could serve as scientific evidence of the spread of resistance due to a massive agricultural use of insecticides and contribute to the management of pesticides usage on cotton crops hence reducing the selection pressure of insecticides on <it>An. gambiae </it>populations.</p

ECFS best practice guidelines: the 2018 revision

Developments in managing CF continue to drive dramatic improvements in survival. As newborn screening rolls-out across Europe, CF centres are increasingly caring for cohorts of patients who have minimal lung disease on diagnosis. With the introduction of mutation-specific therapies and the prospect of truly personalised medicine, patients have the potential to enjoy good quality of life in adulthood with ever-increasing life expectancy. The landmark Standards of Care published in 2005 set out what high quality CF care is and how it can be delivered throughout Europe. This underwent a fundamental re-write in 2014, resulting in three documents; center framework, quality management and best practice guidelines. This document is a revision of the latter, updating standards for best practice in key aspects of CF care, in the context of a fast-moving and dynamic field. In continuing to give a broad overview of the standards expected for newborn screening, diagnosis, preventative treatment of lung disease, nutrition, complications, transplant/end of life care and psychological support, this consensus on best practice is expected to prove useful to clinical teams both in countries where CF care is developing and those with established CF centres. The document is an ECFS product and endorsed by the CF Network in ERN LUNG and CF Europe