Satellite mapping in cities and below cities: how good is it now?

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) have existed since the launch of the US global positioning system constellation in 1978. There is an increasing need for better maps in the digital age, particularly for buried utilities. One of the most convenient methods for creating accurate maps is the use of navigation satellites for positioning. However, built-up urban areas are not ideal for the use of this positioning technology. This paper provides an update on the situation regarding GNSS and assesses how new satellites and signals are contributing to better positioning availability by carrying out a test in a controlled environment. The results show that using combined satellite systems improves availability in urban canyons in some cases, but not in all scenarios. In addition, pipeline mapping technology has been tested and been shown to be an effective means of mapping pipes deep under the ground over short distances

PENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS BELAJAR MATEMATIKA PADA MATERI TRIGONOMETRI SISWA KELAS X SMA NEGERI 1 PALU MELALUI PENERAPAN METODE PENEMUAN TERBIMBING

Abstrak : Telah dilakukan Penelitian untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika untuk materi trigonometri di kelas X, melalui pendekatan “ Penerapan metode penemuan terbimbing . Penelitian ini mengikuti pola penelitian tindakan kelas ( Classroom Aktion Research ) dan dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus dan setiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahapan meliputi : 1) Perencanaan, 2) Pelaksanaan tindakan, 3) Pengamatan ( Obserwasi). 4) Refleksi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMA Negeri 1 Palu kelas X6 semester genap tahun pelajaran 2012 / 2013, dengan jumlah siswa 40 orang. Pengambilan data menggunakan lembar observasi dan Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS), dengan indikator keberhasilan untuk aktifitas belajar yang ditetapkan adalah aktifitas Tanya jawab, mengerjakan dan mendiskusikan LKS dalam kelompok, mempraktekan langkah-langkah penemuan terbimbing dan menyimpulkan materi bersama-sama. Aktifitas lainnya yang dilihat dalam menyajikan hasil kerja kelompok didepan kelas dan mengemukakan pendapat dalam diskusi dengan kelompok lain. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa: ( 1 ) Rata-rata terjadi peningkatan dari siklus I pada aktivitas Tanya jawab 47,4 % menjadi 64,17 % pada siklus II, terjadi peningkatan sebesar 16,77 %. ( 2 ) Aktifitas mengerjakan dan mendiskusikan LKS dari Siklus I ke siklus II terjadi peningkatan sebesar 11,5 % Yaitu dari 75 % pada siklus I dan 86.5 % pada siklus II. (3) Aktivitas siswa dalam mempraktekan langkah-langkah metode penemuan terbimbing sesuai petunjuk LKS terjadi peningkatan 6,66 % dari 71,67 % pada siklus I menjadi 78,33 % pada siklus II. (4) Pada aktivitas penyajian hasil kerja kelompok didepan kelas hanya terjadi peningkatan 0,13% yaitu dari 20 % pada siklus I menjadi 21,13 % pada siklus II.(5) Mengemukakan pendapat dalam diskusi dengan kelompok lain meningkat 2,5 % dari 14,17 % pada siklus I menjadi 16,67 % pada siklus II. (6) Aktivitas menyimpulkan materi pelajaran meningkat 42,5 % dari 33,33 % pada siklus I menjadi 75,83 % pada siklus II. Aktivitas belajar siswa dengan menggunakan pendekatan metode penemua terbimbing meningkat dari siklus I ke siklus II, dengan meningkatnya aktivitas tersebut membawa peningkatan pula pada hasil belajarnya untuk materi Trigonometri di Kelas X, oleh karenanya sangat diperlukan kajian pembelajaran dengan menggunakan pendekatan inovatif terus digalakkan agar ditemukan satu pola yang representatif untuk dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar dan aktifitas belajar yang lebih baik. Kata Kunci : Aktivitas , Pembelajaran Matematika

PENINGKATAN PROFESIONALITAS PENGAJAR AGAMA DI ERA DIGITAL MENYONGSONG REVOLUSI 4.0 (Suatu Tinjauan PAK dalam Perspektif Pedagogik Kritis)

This paper is a critique of the traditional pedagogic in education using the critical pedagogic concept formulated by George. S. Counts. Critical pedagogic seeks to view the need for a new social society that can cope with various distributions and regulatory needs through education. In the educational world the teacher's role in the school is an active cultural bearer instead of teaching a passive culture. In the context of religious teachers in this regard, will deal with methods of educating that must conform to the development of science and technology. Teacher/lecturer is the creator of the learning process is required to further improve professionalism so as to create a learning society that thinks past the boundaries of kinship, thinking to create a better future. A critical pedagogic concept formulated by George. S. Counts, referred to as "the necessity of a new social order" in the context of the contemporary education are religious teachers/lecturers need to get out of the face of the slave mentality, and consciously raise strength to gain the influence of reaching for power to Can do great goals in caring for mankind, and increase the sense of global responsibility. The authors realize that the learning process based on information and communication technology in Indonesia is not optimal but religious teachers should not only stop the understanding on social facts but then on social actions that can change Social reality becomes a new social order, which is professional religious teachers in the use of information and communication technologies. Keywords: traditional pedagogic, critical pedagogic, professionality, new Social Society order, Globa

Co-occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disease in a multiple sclerosis cohort

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS), Hashimoto's disease and Graves' disease are autoimmune diseases that may share similar pathogenic mechanisms. The co-occurrence rates and demographic characteristics of Graves' disease and Hashimoto's disease (HT) in our MS population are compared with the general population. METHODS: The prevalence of thyroid disease in our MS patients was determined by chart review and survey. Previous diagnosis of thyroid disease, age at diagnosis, treatment used, and about the use of disease modifying medications used to treat their MS were asked. Chart reviews were used to estimate the population prevalence of Graves' disease and Hashimoto's disease and to estimate the demographics of patients with thyroid disease. RESULTS: A significant co-occurrence of Graves' disease with MS (p = 0.002), and a non-significant co-occurrence of Hashimoto's disease were noted (p = 0.097). No difference in the age of onset or gender of thyroid disease in MS patients compared to the general population was found. CONCLUSION: There is a significant co-occurrence in patients with MS and Graves' disease, and a trend to co-occurrence in patients with MS and Hashimoto's disease. There are no differences in the demographics of patients with thyroid disease in our MS patients compared to the general population

Is sentinel lymph node biopsy warranted for desmoplastic melanoma? A systematic review

Background Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) is an uncommon malignancy associated with a high local recurrence rate. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the positivity rate of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with DM. The secondary outcome was to establish if SLNB is warranted for both pure DM (PDM) and mixed DM (MDM). Methods A full systematic literature review of SLNB in DM was performed by two authors in January 2016. Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. Results Sixteen studies involving 1519 patients having SLNB in DM were included, of which 99 patients had positive SLNB (6.5%). Two articles reported a significantly reduced disease-free survival (DFS) with positive SLNB and three published a reduced melanoma-specific survival (MSS). Six studies compared SLNB in MDM and PDM. Of the 275 patients, 38 (13.8%) had a positive SLNB in MDM compared to 17 of 313 patients (5.4%) with positive SLNB in PDM. Conclusions Rates of positive SLNB in DM are reduced compared to other variants of melanoma; however, nodal status may still predict DFS and MSS. MDM is associated with a higher rate of micro-metastases to regional lymph nodes than PDM, and DFS and MSS may be lesser in MDM than in PDM. We would recommend the consideration of SLNB in MDM. However, with such low rates of positive SLNB in PDM, and in the absence of high-risk features to stratify patients, we would not recommend SLNB in PDM

Diversity of Coral Genus Scleractinia in Tidung Island Waters, Seribu Islands, DKI Jakarta Province

Coral reefs are one of the most productive and diverse ecosystems on earth and provide ecosystem services. One of the islands of the Seribu Islands that has a coral reef ecosystem is Tidung Island. It is strategic and developing location makes this island used as a residential area, conservation area, and tourist destination. But the utilization has an impact on the damage of coral reefs through environmental and anthropogenic pressures. This study aims to determine coral diversity by identifying the coral genus Scleractinia and the factors that affect coral diversity. Observations were done on three different stations include 2 snorkeling areas and 1 natural area. The method used is LIT (Line Intercept Transect) and coral genus identification with Coral Finder Toolkit Indo Pacific 3.0. The results of identification obtained 16 coral genera namely genus Acropora, Montipora, Isopora, Favites, Leptastrea, Favia, Goniastrea, Montastrea, Platygyra, Echinopora, Porites, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Ctenactis, Pavona, dan Symphyllia, with the value of Diversity Index (H') in the waters of Tidung Island ranges from 0.94 – 2.34  in the category of low to moderate diversity. The parameters of water quality in Tidung Island, temperature, salinity, and acidity (pH) are relatively good for coral growth, but brightness is still relatively poor for coral growth. The impact of human activities such as snorkeling, ship anchors, fishing with destroyers, oil and waste pollution, and rock mining are factors that affect coral growth and diversity.Keywords: Coral Scleractinia; Limiting Factors; Coral Finder; Tidung IslandAbstrakTerumbu karang adalah salah satu ekosistem yang paling produktif dan beragam di bumi serta menyediakan jasa ekosistem. Salah satu pulau dari gugusan Kepulauan Seribu yang memiliki ekosistem terumbu karang yaitu Pulau Tidung. Letaknya yang strategis dan berkembang menjadikan pulau ini dimanfaatkan sebagai kawasan permukiman, daerah konservasi, dan kawasan tujuan wisata. Namun dari pemanfaatan tersebut memberikan dampak terhadap kerusakan pada terumbu karang melalui tekanan-tekanan lingkungan maupun antropogenik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman karang dengan mengidentifikasi genus karang Scleractinia dan faktor yang mempengaruhi keanekaragaman karang. Pengamatan di tiga stasiun berbeda yaitu di antaranya 2 kawasan wisata snorkeling, dan 1 kawasan yang masih alami. Metode yang digunakan yaitu LIT (Line Intercept Transect) dan identifikasi genus karang dengan Coral Finder Toolkit Indo Pasific 3.0. Hasil identifikasi didapatkan 16 genus karang yaitu genus Acropora, Montipora, Isopora, Favites, Leptastrea, Favia, Goniastrea, Montastrea, Platygyra, Echinopora, Porites, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Ctenactis, Pavona, dan Symphyllia, dengan nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) di perairan Pulau Tidung berkisar 0,94 – 2,34 berada pada kategori keanekaragaman rendah hingga sedang. Parameter kualitas perairan di Pulau Tidung, suhu, salinitas, dan derajat keasaman (pH) tergolong baik bagi pertumbuhan karang, namun kecerahan masih tergolong kurang baik bagi pertumbuhan karang. Dampak aktivitas manusia seperti snorkeling, jangkar kapal, penangkapan ikan dengan alat perusak, pencemaran minyak dan sampah, serta penambangan batu karang menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan keanekaragaman karang