La Visió de la història del paisatge a Gran Bretanya: velles i noves idees

Gran Bretanya ha estat descrita com un “país antic” i el mateix pot dir-se dels seus paisatges, que són complexos, resultat de múltiples capes històriques i sovint icònics. L'estudi d'aquests paisatges és interdisciplinar, enfocat en matèries properes i relacionades entre sí com ho són la història del paisatge i l'arqueologia del paisatge. L'objectiu d'aquest article és revisar breument com s'ha desenvolupat la història del paisatge en termes globals a Gran Bretanya i considerar com es manté en l'actualitat.Britain has been described as an ‘old country’ and the same may be said of its landscapes which are complex, multi-layered and often iconic. The study of these landscapes is interdisciplinary, focusing on the closely related subjects of landscape history and landscape archaeology. The aim of this paper is to review briefly how landscape history in general terms has developed in Britain and to consider how it stands today.Gran Bretaña ha sido descrita como un “país antiguo” y lo mismo se puede decir de sus paisajes, que son complejos, resultado de múltiples capas históricas y a menudo icónicos. El estudio de estos paisajes es interdisciplinar, focalizado en materias próximas y relacionadas entre sí como lo son la historia del paisaje y la arqueología del paisaje. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar brevemente cómo se ha desarrollado la historia del paisaje en términos generales en Gran Bretaña y considerar cómo se mantiene en la actualidad

An Investigation into the Relationship Between Pre-Competition Mood States, Age, Gender and a National Ranking in Artistic Gymnastics

This study investigated the relationship between pre-competition mood state factors in gymnastics by gender, age and a national ranking. Participant-gymnasts (total n=116, male n=49, female n=67) completed a Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) one day prior to their main competition of the year. Information was also gathered from gymnasts of gender, age and a national ranking. Consistent with theoretical predictions, results confirmed that a number of pre-competition mood states differed by age with both juniors and seniors having a higher level of anger than children (p<.05 respectively). Also, seniors demonstrated higher tension than children (p<.001). However, only anger showed significant differences by gender with male gymnasts demonstrating higher levels of anger than female gymnasts (p<.05), and with international gymnasts registering higher levels of anger compared with second class gymnasts (p<.05). Authors suggest that future research should investigate relationships between the pre-competition mood in other gymnastics-related disciplines and sports, as well as competitive performances

Agrarian change in lowland scotland in the Seventeenth Century

This study considers the changes which occurred in the agrarian economy of Lowland Scotland during the seventeenth century. It tests the two hypotheses which have formed the basis of all previous work on Scottish agriculture. The first of these, which has been generally accepted until recently, was that prior to the Agricultural Revolution in the eighteenth century, Scottish agriculture was in a backward state. Farming was considered to have'been at a subsistence level and to have been stagnant, if not actually in decline, during the seventeenth century. The second hypothesis, which has only been formulated in recent years and which was not backed by a large body of evidence, stated, that there had been a significant degree of development in Scottish agriculture during this period. The limitations of previous work are first examined and the most likely source material for a study of seventeenth century agriculture in Scotland is identified. The delimitation of the study area and the time period are then discussed. Using the sources which have proved to be most informative, a series of themes is then developed. Each chapter considers a different aspect of the agrarian economy in which development can be demonstrated. In each chapter, the significance of the theme is discussed and previous ideas considered. Changes through time are then studied and, as far as possible, regional differences are brought out and explained. The themes are closely interrelated and, when taken together, build up a picture of dynamic change in the rural economy of Lowland Scotland during this period. The second hypothesis is thus confirmed and the first one refuted. The principal contribution of this study is towards the further understanding of the seventeenth century as a major formative period in the economic development of Scotland and secondly, to the study of the processes involved in the change from subsistence to commercial agriculture

Pre-industrial society and economy with particular reference to Scotland

This thesis comprises one book and 36 articles and chapters on the theme of pre-industrial economic and social patterns in Britain, which have been published over a period of fourteen years. The articles are presented in chronological order to demonstrate the way in which the author's ideas have developed through time. The research focuses on Scotland between the sixteenth and the late eighteenth centuries. One of the most important themes concerns the nature of Scottish agriculture in the early modern period, its technology and practices, its regional variations and the chronology of agrarian change and improvement. Other topics include rural settlement patterns, rural housing and the structure of rural society, patterns of debt and credit, landownership and estate management, land tenure and the condition of tenant farmers, marketing and trading, the effects of climatic change on agriculture, migration and population mobility, urbanization, urban occupational and social structures, and protoindustrialization.An important element of the study is the evaluation of a range of historical sources, including estate papers, commissary court testaments, and records relating to migration which have so far received little attention, in a Scottish context, from social and economic historians. In several of the articles the author's training, as a geographer, in techniques of statistical analysis has been used to develop new ways of exploring historical data and to frame new hypotheses relating to economic and social patterns. The thesis also includes review articles relating to Scottish historical geography, Scottish rural settlement and the contributions of historical geographers to medieval studies within Britain.Taken together this material represents a significant contribution to scholarship relating to early -modern Scotland. A recurring theme throughout the thesis is the way in which detailed research by the author has demonstrated that the society and economy of Scotland between the sixteenth and the late eighteenth centuries was more complex, more developed, more varied regionally and less primitive than has been accepted in the past. The results of the research highlight many of the ways in which Scotland developed between the Reformation and the Industrial Revolution.VOLUME I. • 1976 Rural housing in Lowland Scotland in the seventeenth century: the evidence of estate papers. Scottish Studies, 19, 55-68. 1977 Grain production in East Lothian in the seventeenth century. Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian Society, 15, 39-47. 1978 Scottish historical geography: a review. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 94, 4-24. 1978 Was there a Scottish Agricultural Revolution? Area, 10, 203-5. 1979 Written leases and their impact on Scottish agriculture in the seventeenth century. Agricultural History Review, 27, 1-9. 1979 The evolution of rural housing in Scotland in a West European context. In P. Flatres (ed.) Paysages ruraux Europeens. Rennes. 51-68. 1979 The growth of periodic market centres in Scotland 1600-1707. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 95, 13-26. 1979 Infield-outfield farming on a seventeenth - century Scottish estate. Journal of Historical Geography, 5, 391-402. 1979 The East Lothian grain trade 1660-1707. Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian Society, 16, 15-25. 1980 The emergence of the new estate structure. In M.L. Parry & T.R. Slater (eds.) The making of the Scottish countryside. Groom Helm, London, 117-36. 1981 Sources for Scottish historical geography: an introductory guide. Historical Geography Research Series, Geo Books, Norwich. 48pp. 1981 The evolution of rural settlement in Lowland Scotland in medieval and early- modern times: an exploration. Scottish Geograpical Magazine, 97, 4-15. 1981 George Dundas of Dundas: the context of an early eighteenth century Scottish improving landowner. Scottish Historical Review. 60, 1-13. 1981 The historical geography of rural settlement in Scotland: a review. Research papers series, Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh. 62pp. 1981 Human responses to short- and long-term climatic fluctuations: the example of early- modern Scotland. In M.L. Parry & C. Delano -Smith (eds.) Consequences of climatic change. University of Nottingham. 17-29, 1983 Some aspects of the structure of rural society in seventeenth -century Lowland Scotland, In T.M. Devine & D, Dickson (eds.) Ireland and Scotland 1600-1850. Edinburgh, John Donald, 32-46. (With K.A. Whyte) . 1983 Regional and local variations in seventeenth-century Scottish farming: a preliminary survey of the evidence of Commissary Court testaments. Manchester Geographer, 3, 49-59. (With K.A. Whyte). 1983 Early- modern Scotland: continuity and change. In G. Whittington & I.D. Whyte (eds.) An Historical Geography of Scotland. London, Academic Press, 119-40. 1983 Scottish rural communities in the seventeenth century. Local Historian, 15, 456-63. (With K.A. Whyte).VOLUME II. • 1984 Continuity and change in a seventeenth -century Scottish farming community. Agricultural History Review, 32, 159-69. (With K.A. Whyte). 1984 Geographical mobility in a seventeenth- century Scottish rural community. Local Population Studies 32, 45-53. (With K.A. Whyte). 1985 Shielings and the upland pastoral economy of the Lake District in medieval and early- modern times. In J.R. Baldwin & I.D. Whyte (Eds.) The Scandinavians in Cumbria. Scottish Society for Northern Studies, Edinburgh, 103-18. 1985 Poisson regression analysis and migration fields: the example of the apprenticeship records of Edinburgh in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 10, 317-32. (With A.A. Lovett & K.A. Whyte.) 1986 Agriculture in Aberdeenshire in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries: continuity and change. In D. Stevenson (ed.) From lairds to loons: county and burgh life in Aberdeen 1600-1800. Aberdeen University Press, 10-31, 1986 Commissary Court testaments: a neglected source for Scottish local history. Local Historian, 17 4-10. (With K.A. Whyte.) 1987 Patterns of migration of apprentices into Aberdeen and Inverness during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 102, 81-91. (With K.A. Whyte.) 1987 The occupational structure of Scottish burghs in the late seventeenth century. In M. Lynch (ed,) The early modern town in Scotland. London, Croom Helm, 219-44. 1987 Medieval economy and society. In M. Pacione (ed.) Historical geography: progress and prospect. London. Groom Helm. 96-122. 1987 Marriage and mobility in East Lothian in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian Society, 19, 17-30. 1987 The function and social structure of Scottish burghs of barony in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Proceedings of international urban history conference, Wolfenbuttel, West Germany. 1988 Debt and credit, poverty and prosperity in a seventeenth-century Scottish rural community. In P. Roebuck & R. Mitchison (eds.) Scotland and Ireland: a comparative study of develop - ment. Edinburgh, John Donald, 70-80. (With K.A. Whyte.) 1988 The geographical mobility of women in early -modern Scotland. In L. Leneman (ed.), Perspectives in Scottish social history; essays in honour of Rosalind Mitchison. Aberdeen University Press, 83-106. (With K.A. Whyte.) 1989 Scottish society in perspective. In R.A. Houston & I.D. Whyte (eds.) Scottish society 1500-1800. Cambridge University Press, 1-36. (With R.A. Houston.) 1989 Population mobility. In R.A. Houston & I.D. Whyte (eds.) Scottish society 1500-1800. Cambridge University Press, 37-58. 1989 Urbanization in early- modern Scotland: a preliminary analysis. Scottish Journal of Economic and Social History. Forthcoming. 1989 Protoindustrialization in early-modern Scotland. In P. Hudson (ed,) Regions and Industries. Cambridge University Press, Forthcoming. • • SUBMITTED SEPARATELY: • 1979 Agriculture and rural society in seventeenth - century Scotland. Edinburgh. John Donald. 301pp

Macrophage phenotype is associated with disease severity in preterm infants with chronic lung disease.

The etiology of persistent lung inflammation in preterm infants with chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) is poorly characterized, hampering efforts to stratify prognosis and treatment. Airway macrophages are important innate immune cells with roles in both the induction and resolution of tissue inflammation

‘Fourth places’: the Contemporary Public Settings for Informal Social Interaction among Strangers.

This paper introduces ‘fourth places’ as an additional category of informal social settings alongside ‘third places’ (Oldenburg 1989). Through extensive empirical fieldwork on where and how social interaction among strangers occurs in the public and semi-public spaces of a contemporary masterplanned neighbourhood, this paper reveals that ‘fourth places’ are closely related to ‘third places’ in terms of social and behavioural characteristics, involving a radical departure from the routines of home and work, inclusivity, and social comfort. However, the activities, users, locations and spatial conditions that support them are very different. They are characterized by ‘in-betweenness’ in terms of spaces, activities, time and management, as well as a great sense of publicness. This paper will demonstrate that the latter conditions are effective in breaking the ‘placelessness’ and ‘fortress’ designs of newly designed urban public spaces and that, by doing so, they make ‘fourth places’ sociologically more open in order to bring strangers together. The recognition of these findings problematizes well-established urban design theories and redefines several spatial concepts for designing public space. Ultimately, the findings also bring optimism to urban design practice, offering new insights into how to design more lively and inclusive public spaces. Keywords: ‘Fourth places’, Informal Public Social Settings, Social Interaction, Strangers, Public Space Design

Reimagining the language of engagement in a post-stakeholder world

Language matters in shaping perceptions and guiding behaviour. The term stakeholder is widely used, yet little attention is paid to the possibility that its use may inadvertently perpetuate colonial narratives and reinforce systemic inequities. In this article, we critically examine the limitations of the stakeholder concept and its ambiguity, normativity, and exclusionary implications. We emphasise the importance of using language that gives a voice to marginalised groups, promotes inclusion and equity, and fosters meaningful and reflexive participation in decision-making processes. In critiquing the use of the term and calling for alternative practices, we aim to contribute to the decolonisation of research norms and the creation of more inclusive and equitable societies. Therefore, rather than advocating a single alternative term, we suggest a focus on the people, places, and species affected by decisions, interventions, projects, and issues

A Seventeenth-Century Doublet from Scotland

In December 2004, a local family donated a cream silk slashed doublet to Perth Museum and Art Gallery. Stylistically, the doublet is given a date between 1620 and 1630, but the family story is that it was a gift to one of their ancestors about the time of the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689. The donation stimulated a programme of investigation centred on the doublet's conservation, curatorial research, the production of two replica suits and the mounting of an exhibition. This project won the United Kingdom Award for Conservation 2007. The Institute of Conservation, the Museums, Archives &amp; Libraries Council and the National Preservation Office support this nationwide award. This essay reflects four different specialists' engagement with the doublet: historical context, tailoring, conservation and reconstruction

Effective Caspase Inhibition Blocks Neutrophil Apoptosis and Reveals Mcl-1 as Both a Regulator and a Target of Neutrophil Caspase Activation

Human tissue inflammation is terminated, at least in part, by the death of inflammatory neutrophils by apoptosis. The regulation of this process is therefore key to understanding and manipulating inflammation resolution. Previous data have suggested that the short-lived pro-survival Bcl-2 family protein, Mcl-1, is instrumental in determining neutrophil lifespan. However, Mcl-1 can be cleaved following caspase activity, and the possibility therefore remains that the observed fall in Mcl-1 levels is due to caspase activity downstream of caspase activation, rather than being a key event initiating apoptosis in human neutrophils

The prescriber's guide to classic MAO-inhibitors (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid) for treatment-resistant depression

This article is a clinical guide which discusses the state-of-the-art usage of the classic monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, and isocarboxazid) in modern psychiatric practice. The guide is for all clinicians, including those who may not be experienced MAOI prescribers. It discusses indications, drug-drug interactions, side-effect management, and the safety of various augmentation strategies. There is a clear and broad consensus (more than 70 international expert endorsers), based on 6 decades of experience, for the recommendations herein exposited. They are based on empirical evidence and expert opinion - this guide is presented as a new specialist-consensus standard. The guide provides practical clinical advice, and is the basis for the rational use of these drugs, particularly because it improves and updates knowledge, and corrects the various misconceptions that have hitherto been prominent in the literature, partly due to insufficient knowledge of pharmacology. The guide suggests that MAOIs should always be considered in cases of treatment-resistant depression (including those melancholic in nature), and prior to electroconvulsive therapy - while taking into account of patient preference. In selected cases, they may be considered earlier in the treatment algorithm than has previously been customary, and should not be regarded as drugs of last resort; they may prove decisively effective when many other treatments have failed. The guide clarifies key points on the concomitant use of incorrectly proscribed drugs such as methylphenidate and some tricyclic antidepressants. It also illustrates the straightforward bridging methods that may be used to transition simply and safely from other antidepressants to MAOIs.</p