Wage Inflation and the Distribution of Unemployement

Les résultats décevants que les recherchistes ont obtenus en essayant de découvrir des courbes de Phillips stables obligent à en examiner de nouveau les fondements théoriques. Même si l'on a fait en ces dernières années beaucoup d'effort pour tenir compte de l'hypothèse de prévisions inflationnistes, on a aussi considéré attentivement les relations entre les taux d'inflation et les taux de chômage nationaux et régionaux. Quelles que soient les directions dans lesquelles les recherches se sont orientées, on est arrivé à la conclusion qu'il n'existe pas de marché du travail « global », mais qu'il y a, à l'intérieur d'une économie nationale, plusieurs marchés du travail interreliés. Dans leur article, les auteurs ont analysé le problème des courbes de Phillips régionales « globales » et quelques-uns des problèmes qu'elles soulèvent. À partir d'études théoriques récentes faites sur le sujet en Grande-Bretagne et en Amérique du Nord, ils ont essayé de montrer que plus la dispersion du chômage à travers différents secteurs de l'économie est marquée plus la courbe de Phillips a tendance à glisser vers la droite, que la direction de l'effet de dispersion est ambiguë lorsqu'il y a mobilité de la main-d'oeuvre d'une région à l'autre et, enfin, que, même quand il n'y a pas migration de la main-d'oeuvre, il ne s'ensuit pas nécessairement un effet de dispersion.L'étude de Lipsey a considéré l'hypothèse de l'existence d'une économie divisée en deux marchés du travail en supposant un taux de chômage différent de l'un à l'autre alors que le taux de chômage global demeure constant. Il en résulte que les salaires augmentent plus rapidement dans la région où le taux de chômage est bas qu'ils ne baissent dans celle où le taux de chômage est le plus élevé. Lipsey en conclut donc que plus la différence entre les taux de chômage est grande entre les deux secteurs, plus l'indice des taux de salaire a tendance à s'accroître. Dans le cas du Canada, il devient évident qu'il faut repenser la théorie de Lipsey. Un autre auteur, Archibald, a montré qu'il n'y a pas lieu de s'en préoccuper en autant que le taux de changement de l'indice global des salaires est construit de telle sorte que les taux individuels de salaire soient pondérés en tenant compte de la main-d'oeuvre existant dans chacune des deux régions. Le but de l'article est de démontrer que le raisonnement apporté par Archibald à l'appui de la théorie de Lipsey ne vaut plus s'il y a migration de la main-d'oeuvre d'une région à l'autre. Or, comme la migration des sans-travail des régions à haut taux de chômage aux régions à taux de chômage bas est un phénomène bien établi au Canada et aux États-Unis, les auteurs expriment l'opinion que l'analyse d'Archibald n'a pas tellement de signification, car, comme le laissent voir les études de Brechling pour les États-Unis et celles de Kaliski et de Thirsk pour le Canada, il n'existe pas d'effet de dispersion.Cependant, lorsqu'il y a dispersion des taux de chômage, les recherchistes peuvent également vouloir mesurer le degré de dispersion dans la courbe de Phillips « globale ». Pour ce faire, il faut que les changements globaux dans les données relatives aux salaires soient construites de façon que la pondération de l'ensemble tienne compte des proportions de main-d'oeuvre. En résumé, si l'on considère que les sans-travail émigrent d'une région du Canada à l'autre, il n'est aucunement surprenant que les études empiriques existantes soient impuissantes à détecter un effet de dispersion positif. La conséquence de cette ambiguïté signifie qu'on ne peut découvrir une courbe de Phillips d'ensemble stable d'où il résulte que les tentatives en vue d'incorporer la variable d'un changement des taux auquel on s'attend s'avèrent un test nullement appropriéde l'hypothèse de l'accélération.The authors re-examine the question of aggregating regional Phillips curves and suggest some problems with the empirical work to date

DAIRY FARMERS' USE OF FINANCIAL LONG-RANGE PLANNING (FINLRB) TO AID DECISION-MAKING

Agricultural Finance, Livestock Production/Industries,

Optomechanical self-structuring in cold atomic gases

The rapidly developing field of optomechanics aims at the combined control of optical and mechanical (solid-state or atomic) modes. In particular, laser cooled atoms have been used to exploit optomechanical coupling for self-organization in a variety of schemes where the accessible length scales are constrained by a combination of pump modes and those associated to a second imposed axis, typically a cavity axis. Here, we consider a system with many spatial degrees of freedom around a single distinguished axis, in which two symmetries - rotations and translations in the plane orthogonal to the pump axis - are spontaneously broken. We observe the simultaneous spatial structuring of the density of a cold atomic cloud and an optical pump beam. The resulting patterns have hexagonal symmetry. The experiment demonstrates the manipulation of matter by opto-mechanical self-assembly with adjustable length scales and can be potentially extended to quantum degenerate gases.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figure

Preparing students to be doctors: introduction of a sub-internship program.

Preparing graduates for the transformation from medical student to doctor provides medical schools with a real challenge. Medical educators advocate a process of graduated delegation of responsibility in the clinical years of medical school. This is best exemplified in the North American system of sub-internship programmes; an educational approach which European medical schools have been slow to adopt. This study reports on the introduction of an intensive two-week surgical sub-internship for final medical year students. \u22Sub-interns\u22 were asked to complete pre and post sub-internship online questionnaires assessing their readiness to perform clinical and practical skills, attitudes towards the program, and how well it prepared students for internship. Forty-nine students completed a questionnaire pre sub-internship and 47 completed the post-questionnaire. Student confidence towards practical and clinical skills and their first day at work increased over the two weeks. Mean Iikert scores for all 6 practical and clinical skills improved post sub-internship. The introduction of a surgical sub-internship is timely and welcomed by medical students. Its development helps bridge the gap in responsibilities between medical student and doctor

Remote Sensing of Chiral Signatures on Mars

We describe circular polarization as a remote sensing diagnostic of chiral signatures which may be applied to Mars. The remarkable phenomenon of homochirality provides a unique biosignature which can be amenable to remote sensing through circular polarization spectroscopy. The natural tendency of microbes to congregate in close knit communities would be beneficial for such a survey. Observations of selected areas of the Mars surface could reveal chiral signatures and hence explore the possibility of extant or preserved biological material. We describe a new instrumental technique that may enable observations of this form.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures; to be published in Planetary and Space Scienc

Life in Hot Carbon Monoxide: The Complete Genome Sequence of Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans Z-2901

We report here the sequencing and analysis of the genome of the thermophilic bacterium Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans Z-2901. This species is a model for studies of hydrogenogens, which are diverse bacteria and archaea that grow anaerobically utilizing carbon monoxide (CO) as their sole carbon source and water as an electron acceptor, producing carbon dioxide and hydrogen as waste products. Organisms that make use of CO do so through carbon monoxide dehydrogenase complexes. Remarkably, analysis of the genome of C. hydrogenoformans reveals the presence of at least five highly differentiated anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase complexes, which may in part explain how this species is able to grow so much more rapidly on CO than many other species. Analysis of the genome also has provided many general insights into the metabolism of this organism which should make it easier to use it as a source of biologically produced hydrogen gas. One surprising finding is the presence of many genes previously found only in sporulating species in the Firmicutes Phylum. Although this species is also a Firmicutes, it was not known to sporulate previously. Here we show that it does sporulate and because it is missing many of the genes involved in sporulation in other species, this organism may serve as a “minimal” model for sporulation studies. In addition, using phylogenetic profile analysis, we have identified many uncharacterized gene families found in all known sporulating Firmicutes, but not in any non-sporulating bacteria, including a sigma factor not known to be involved in sporulation previously

Model studies of the chiral and deconfinement transitions in QCD

The force that is responsible for holding the nucleus together and for creating protons and neutrons (via the binding of even smaller particles,called quarks) is the strong nuclear force. Of the four fundamental forces of nature, the strong force is (unsurprisingly) the strongest but also has the shortest range. Its short range arises from the fact that the force attracts to itself, and thus produces very tangled configurations. The theory of the strong nuclear force is Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD). This theory accounts for the tangled nature of the force it describes. A result is that making calculations directly from the theory is almost impossible. Hence we follow the work of many others by instead using simplified models of QCD that approximate the theory for a certain range of temperatures and pressures. QCD is also studied experimentally via high energy collisions, such as the experiments ongoing at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. A byproduct of these collisions is extremely intense magnetic fields. Currently there is disagreement between model calculations (which we do) and brute force calculations of QCD using supercomputers (lattice-QCD) as to what the effect of these large magnetic fields is on QCD. In this thesis we give one of the most complete studies of a model of QCD including a magnetic field and explore some of the mathematical details that have arisen as people search for consensus between models and lattice-QCD. In addition, we investigate some of the subtleties that arise when comparisons are made between model studies and lattice- QCD and suggest ways in which these can be accounted for

An analysis of reading test results in several Kansas high schools

Thesis (M.A.Ed.)--University of Kansas, Education, 1925