Дефініції поняття “інтеграція” та його ролі в конкурентному ринковому процесі

Метою даної роботи є дослідження дефініцій розуміння інтеграційних процесів в аграрній сфері та їх ролі в конкурентному економічному середовищі

Integrated gravity and topography analysis in analog models: Intraplate deformation in Iberia

Trends in the topography of the Iberian Peninsula show a pronounced contrast. In the western part of the Iberian microplate the main topographic highs trend E-W to NE-SW and are periodically spaced with wavelengths of 250 km. Conversely, in the northeastern part, the region of the Iberian Chain, topography is more irregular and strike directions vary from NW-SE to E-W and NE-SW. We relate this phenomenon to shortening of a continental lithosphere, which contains two different, well-defined domains of lithospheric strength. Our hypothesis is supported by physical analog models. A new processing method has been developed to assist the interpretation of the model results. It utilizes spectral analysis of gravity and topography data derived from the experiments. Folding of the crust and mantle lithosphere yields periodic gravity fluctuations, while thickening processes lead to localized gravity lows. In this way gravity data can be used to distinguish between the two forms of lithosphere deformation and to correlate areas that underwent the same type of deformation. Gravity modeling has been performed under full in-depth control of the experimental lithosphere structure. As such, gravity signals from the models may be compared to field gravity data for better understanding the underlying deformation mechanism.Peer reviewe

фольклорно-етнографічні матеріали на сторінках журналу «Основа»

In the article folk and ethnographical materials of the «Osnova» magazine are analyzed. The role of this edition in development of the ethnography is defined

Cenozoic deformation of Iberia: a model for intraplate mountain building and basin development based on analogue modelling

Inferences from analogue models support lithospheric folding as the primary response to large-scale shortening manifested in the present day topography of Iberia. This process was active from the late Oligocene-early Miocene during the Alpine orogeny and was probably enhanced by reactivation of inherited Variscan faults. The modeling results confirm the dependence of fold wavelength on convergence rate and hence the strength of the layers of the lithosphere such that fold wavelength is longest for fast convergence rates favoring whole lithosphere folding. Folding is associated with the formation of dominantly pop-up type mountain ranges in the brittle crust and thickening of the ductile layers in the synforms of the buckle folds by flow. The mountain ranges are represented by upper crustal pop-ups forming the main topographic relief. The wavelengths of the topographic uplifts, both, in model and nature suggest mechanical decoupling between crust and mantle. Moreover, our modeling results suggest that buckling in Iberia took place under rheological conditions where the lithospheric mantle is stronger than the lower crust. The presence of an indenter, inducing oblique shortening in response to the opening of the King's Trough in the north western corner of the Atlantic Iberian margin controls the spacing and obliquity of structures. This leads to the transfer of the deformation from the moving walls towards the inner part of the model, creating oblique structures in both brittle and ductile layers. The effect of the indenter, together with an increase on the convergence rate produced more complex brittle structures. These results show close similarities to observations on the general shape and distribution of mountain ranges and basins in Iberia, including the Spanish Central System and Toledo Mountains.Peer reviewe

Control of inherited structures and mechanical heterogeneities on the internal deformation of the Dolomites Indenter, eastern Southern Alps: a multi-scale analogue modelling study

During the Cenozoic evolution of the Alps, the Adriatic plate is traditionally considered as a rigid indenter. The structure of the northernmost part of the Adriatic plate in the eastern Southern Alps of Italy and Slovenia, referred to as Dolomites Indenter (DI), however, demonstrates significant internal deformation. Mostly Miocene shortening is accommodated within a WSW-ENE striking, S-vergent fold-and-thrust belt overprinting a pre-existing platform-basin geometry related to Jurassic extension. In this contribution we present two new sets of physical analogue experiments, addressing the effect of lateral crustal heterogeneities on the internal deformation of the DI on crustal- and lithospheric scale. The upper crust of the western Trento platform (western DI) is compositionally heterogeneous linked to Permian intrusives and extrusives (i.e., Athesian Volcanic Complex). Together with inherited basement structures this lateral heterogeneity, which strengthened the platform locally, is key for understanding upper crustal deformation and surface uplift patterns associated with Miocene basin inversion. We present brittle crustal-scale analogue experiments with inversion of pre-scribed platform-basin geometries, which indicate that variations in thickness, shape, and basement structure of especially the western platform (WP) have impact on timing and uplift of the DI’s upper crust. The mentioned variations in crustal composition, lead, compared to the reference model with simple platform-basin geometry, to (i) overall fewer thrust sheets, (ii) footwall cut-offs of the frontal thrust further in the hinterland, and to (iii) longer and flatter flats of the frontal thrust. Regarding the topographic evolution, a variation in, e.g., basement structure shows strain localization at the margin of the basal plate and stronger uplift within the southern part of the WP compared to limited uplift of the northern WP, which is consistent with documented little vertical movement north of the Valsugana fault system since the Jurassic. On the scale of the lithosphere, new analogue experiments with pre-scribed platform and basin geometries in the upper crust show similar lateral variations in thrust fault orientation across transfer zones as crustal-scale analogue models (Sieberer et al., 2023). Additionally, lateral variability of ductile lower crustal thickness predicts stronger uplift in areas of thicker lower crust. Documented thickening of the lower crust in some parts of the Southern Alps close to areas of higher uplift, tentatively interpreted being Miocene in age (Jozi Najafabadi et al., 2022), might support this finding. Ultimately our crustal and lithosphere-scale modelling predictions will be validated by high resolution low-temperature thermochronological data which cover the entire Dolomites Indenter

Analogue experiments on releasing and restraining bends and their application to the study of the Barents Shear Margin

The Barents Shear Margin separates the Svalbard and Barents Sea from the North Atlantic. During the break-up of the North Atlantic the plate tectonic configuration was characterized by sequential dextral shear, extension, and eventually contraction and inversion. This generated a complex zone of deformation that contains several structural families of overlapping and reactivated structures. A series of crustal-scale analogue experiments, utilizing a scaled and stratified sand-silicon polymer sequence, was used in the study of the structural evolution of the shear margin. The most significant observations for interpreting the structural configuration of the Barents Shear Margin are the following. Prominent early-stage positive structural elements (e.g. folds, push-ups) interacted with younger (e.g. inversion) structures and contributed to a hybrid final structural pattern. Several structural features that were initiated during the early (dextral shear) stage became overprinted and obliterated in the subsequent stages. All master faults, pull-apart basins, and extensional shear duplexes initiated during the shear stage quickly became linked in the extension stage, generating a connected basin system along the entire shear margin at the stage of maximum extension. The fold pattern was generated during the terminal stage (contraction-inversion became dominant in the basin areas) and was characterized by fold axes striking parallel to the basin margins. These folds, however, strongly affected the shallow intra-basin layers. The experiments reproduced the geometry and positions of the major basins and relations between structural elements (fault-and-fold systems) as observed along and adjacent to the Barents Shear Margin. This supports the present structural model for the shear margin

Defining a 3-dimensional trishear parameter space to understand the temporal evolution of fault propagation folds

The application of trishear, in which deformation occurs in a triangular zone in front of a propagating fault tip, is often used to understand fault related folding. A key element of trishear, in comparison to kink-band methods, is that non-uniform deformation within the triangle zone allows the layer thickness and length to change during deformation. By varying three controlling parameters independently (trishear propagation/slip ratio, trishear apical angle and fault dip), we construct a three-dimensional parameter space to demonstrate the variability of resultant geometry feasible with trishear. We plot published natural examples in this parameter space and identify two clusters and show that the most applicable typical trishear propagation/slip ratio is 2to3, while the trishear apical angle varies from 30° to 100°. We propose that these findings can help estimate the best-fit parameters for natural structures. We then consider the temporal evolution of specific geometric examples and factors that increase the complexity of trishear including: (1) fault-dip changes and (2) pre-existing faults.To illustrate the applicability of the parameter space and complex trishear models to natural examples, we apply our results to a sub-surface example from the Qaidam basin in northern Tibetan Plateau