Evaluación de trampas transparentes pasivas y delta naranja cebadas con codlemona, éster de pera y ácido acético para el monitoreo de Cydia pomonella (L.) en tres huertos de manzano de la Región del Maule

33 p.Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad de trampas transparentes pasivas y trampas delta naranjas cebadas con codlemona, éster de pera y ácido acético, para el monitoreo de adultos de la polilla de la manzana, Cydia pomonella (L.). El ensayo se efectuó durante la temporada 2012-2013, en tres huertos de manzano de la séptima región. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: i) trampas delta naranja cebada con codlemona y éster de pera,ii) trampas delta naranja cebada con éster de pera y ácido acético, y iii) trampas transparentes pasivas. Las trampas fueron revisadas dos veces a la semana, registrando las capturas para cada sexo. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que las trampas delta naranja cebadas con codlemona y éster de pera, capturaron significativamente una mayor cantidad de polillas machos que las trampas transparentes pasivas, en la mayoría de las fechas. En todas las fechas, no se registraron diferencias estadísticas entre las trampas delta naranja con éster de pera y ácido acético y las trampas delta naranja cebadas con codlemona y éster de pera en la captura de machos. Para la captura de polillas hembras, no se registraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, en la mayoría de las fechas evaluadas, a excepción de una fecha, donde las trampas delta naranja con éster de pera y ácido acético, capturaron más hembras que las trampas transparentes. No se encontró diferencias entre las trampas delta naranja con codlemona y éster de pera y las trampas delta naranja con éster de pera y ácido acético. De este modo, los resultados del presente estudio, sugieren que las trampas delta naranja con codlemona y éster de pera son el método más efectivo para monitorear a los machos de la polilla de la manzana, mientras que las trampas delta naranja con atrayente éster de pera y ácido acético puede ser un buen indicador de la actividad de las hembras, permitiendo de esta manera predecir de forma más exacta la fenología de la población de la polilla de la manzana. Palabras claves: Cydia pomonella, codlemona, éster de pera, ácido acético./ABSTRACT: A study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness of passive transparent traps and orange delta traps baited with codlemone, pear ester, and acetic acid, in order to monitor adult codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.) The study was done during 2012-2013 season in three apple orchards in the Seventh Region. The evaluated treatments were: i) orange delta traps baited with codlemone and pear ester, ii) orange delta traps baited with pear ester and acetic acid, and iii) passive transparent traps. The traps were checked twice a week, recording captures for each sex. The results obtained showed that orange delta traps baited with codlemone and pear ester caught significantly more male moths than passive transparent traps on most of the dates. During all the dates there were no statistical differences between orange delta traps with pear ester and acetic acid and orange delta traps baited with codlemone and pear ester in the capture of males. For capturing female moths there were no significant differences between the treatments on most of the evaluated dates, with the exception of one, where orange delta traps with pear ester and acetic acid caught more females than the transparent traps. No differences were found between orange delta traps with codlemone and pear ester and orange delta traps with pear ester and acetic acid. In this way, the results of this research suggest that the orange delta traps with codlemone and pear ester are the most effective method to monitor males of the codling moth, whereas orange delta traps with pear ester and acetic acid might be a good indicator of the activity of females, which allows predicting more accurately the phenology of the codling moth population. Key words: Cydia pomonella, codlemone, pear ester, acetic acid

Evaluación de la efectividad de static sobre el control de Cydia pomonella (L.) en un huerto de manzano de la Séptima Región

32 p.La polilla de la manzana (Cydia pomonella) es la principal plaga de las pomáceas en Chile y alrededor del mundo. Esta plaga es controlada comúnmente a través de aplicaciones regulares de insecticidas. Sin embargo, se han desarrollado métodos de control más selectivos basados en la utilización de la feromona sexual de esta especie. Dentro de estas técnicas se encuentran la confusión sexual y los atracticidas. Para la confusión sexual se colocan dispensadores en el dosel de los árboles, los cuales liberan altas dosis de la feromona sexual (codlemona) para evitar que el macho pueda encontrar a la hembra de la polilla de la manzana. Los atracticidas son una formulación en pasta viscosa compuesta de codlemona y generalmente un insecticida piretroide. El propósito es atraer al macho por medio de la codlemona y producir su intoxicación por contacto con el insecticida. Se realizó un ensayo de campo en un huerto de manzano de la Región del Maule (Colín) durante la temporada 2011-2012, con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad del atracticida Static en comparación con la confusión sexual mediante Isomate C Plus. Estos tratamientos se evaluaron en conjunto con aplicaciones regulares de insecticidas hasta cosecha (noviembre-febrero) y con aplicaciones regulares de insecticidas sólo durante primavera (noviembre-diciembre). Los tratamientos con menores porcentajes de daño en frutos fueron los que tenían aplicaciones regulares de insecticidas, con el tratamiento de Isomate C Plus más aplicación regular de insecticidas el que presentó un menor porcentaje de daño en frutos. Por el contrario, los tratamientos con Static fueron los que presentaron menor severidad de daño y una menor cantidad de larvas vivas en cosecha. Los resultados indican que el atracticida Static es una alternativa promisoria para ser desarrollada en el contexto del manejo integrado de plagas./ABSTRACT: The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is the major pest of pome fruits in Chile and around the world. This pest is commonly controlled by regular sprays of insecticides. However, more selective control methods have been developed using the sex pheromone of this species. Among these techniques are mating disruption and attract and kill. For mating disruption many dispensers are placed into the tree canopy, which release high doses of sex pheromone (codlemone) in order to prevent the male to find the female of the codling moth. The attract and kill are pesticide formulations based on a viscous paste, which contains codlemone and generally a pyrethroid insecticide. The purpose is to attract the codling moth male through the codlemone and produce the intoxication by contact with the insecticide. We conducted a field trial in an apple orchard in the Maule Region (Colín) during the 2011-2012 season, with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of Static attract and kill in comparison with mating disruption with Isomate C Plus. These treatments were evaluated altogether with regular sprays of insecticides to harvest (November – February) and regular applications of insecticides only during spring (November - December). Treatments with lower percentage of fruit damage were those with regular sprays of insecticides, with Isomate C Plus treatment and regular insecticide sprays the treatment that showed a smaller percentage of fruit damage. By contrast, Static treatments had lower severity of damage and presence of alive larvae at harvest. The results indicate that the Static attract and kill is a promisory alternative to be developed in the context of integrated pest management

Genotype variation of citrus tristeza virus after passage on different hosts, and changes in the virus genotype populations by the vector aphis gossypii

Phylogenetic analyses categorize seven genotypes of citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The symptoms caused by this pathogen, their expression and severity are influenced by CTV genotypes, host species, cultivars, and infected host rootstocks. This study aimed to verify how populations of Chilean CTV isolates changed following inoculation from infected sweet orange to Mexican lime trees, and to determine if CTV genotype populations influenced transmission efficiency via Aphis gossypii. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed variation in genotypes of populations of CTV in Mexican lime, after graft inoculations using infected sweet orange chip-buds. Severe genotypes (VT) were detected after inoculation of mild isolate CTV populations (T30). The T30 donor populations also reduced transmissibility via A. gossypii; however, these results may not be conclusive due to mixture with the VT genotype. There is evidence of high rates of virus acquisition by this aphid species, but also low transmission efficiency, which may partially explain the historical absence of tristeza epidemics in Chile.Phytopathology Laboratory of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de ValparaisoVersión publicada - versión final del edito

Evaluación de la eficiencia de Spirotetramat en mezcla con flubendiamide o thiacloprid sobre el control del pulgón de la raíz del peral (Eriosoma pyricola) en un huerto de peral en la región del Maule.

32 p.Una de las plagas importantes del cultivo del peral es el pulgón de la raíz del peral (Eriosoma pyricola), el cual puede reducir el crecimiento y producción al desarrollar colonias subterráneas en las raíces de este frutal. Debido a que los insecticidas de amplio espectro usados para su control, han perdido registros y aumentado sus carencias en diversos mercados de exportación, se evalúo la efectividad de nuevos insecticidas en el control del pulgón de la raíz del peral en un huerto de perales en la Región del Maule. Los insecticidas evaluados fueron: i) spirotetramat + flubendiamide (Movento Total 175 OD) en dosis de 100 y 120 cc/Hl, ii) spirotetramat + thiacloprid (Movento Smart 240 SC) en dosis de 100 y 120 cc/Hl, iii) spirotetramat (Movento 100 SC) en dosis de 100 cc/Hl, en comparación con los tratamientos estándar de iv) chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75 WG) en dosis de 70 gr/Hl, v) acetamiprid (Mospilan 200 SP) en dosis de 40 gr/Hl y un tratamiento testigo sin aplicación. Los tratamientos se aplicaron a fines de noviembre mediante aspersión foliar. Se evalúo la incidencia de pulgones vivos en muestras de suelo con raíces antes de la aplicación y a los 15, 22, 31 y 46 días después de la aplicación (DDA). Además, se evaluó el peso fresco de raíces en cada muestra de suelo. Los resultados indican que la mezcla spirotetramat + thiacloprid (Movento Smart 240SC) en sus dos dosis fueron efectivas en el control del pulgón de la raíz del peral a los 15 días después de ser aplicada, siendo el único tratamiento que se diferenció del testigo en esta fecha. La mezcla spirotetramat + flubendiamide (Movento Total 175 OD) en ambas dosis resulta efectiva en el control de E. pyricola a los 22 DDA, ya que se diferenció del tratamiento testigo y de la mezcla de spirotetramat + thiacloprid en sus dos dosis. Spirotetramat sólo (Movento 100 SC) controló al pulgón de la raíz del peral únicamente a los 22 DDA. Los tratamientos de spirotetramat solo o en mezcla con flubendiamide o thiacloprid no lograron un efecto residual mayor a una semana en diferentes momentos durante el ensayo, lo que indica que no tienen una eficacia adecuada para el control de esta plaga en las condiciones en que se realizó el experimento./Abstract:One of the important pests of pear cultivation is the pear root aphid (Eriosoma pyricola), which can reduce pear growth and production when developing underground colonies in the roots of this fruit tree. Since broad spectrum insecticides used for its control are losing their registration and increasing their preharvest intervals, we evaluated the effectiveness of new insecticides to control aphid pear root in a pear orchard in the Maule Region. The insecticides tested were: i) spir otetramat + flubendiamide (Movento Total 175 OD) in rates of 100 and 120 cc / hl ii) spirotetramat + thiacloprid (Smart Movento 240 SC) in rates of 100 and 120 cc / Hl, iii) spirotetramat (Movento 100 SC) in a rate of 100 cc / hl compared with standard treatments iv) chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75 WG) at a rate of 70 g / hl, v) acetamiprid (Mospilan 200 SP) in a rate of 40 g / hl and a control treatment without insecticide spray. Treatments were applied in late November through foliar spray. The incidence of aphids living in soil samples with roots before application and at 15, 22, 31 and 46 days after application (DAA) were evaluated. We assessed the fresh weight of roots in each soil sample. The results indicate that the spirotetramat + thiacloprid mixture (Movento Smart 240SC) in both rates was effective in controlling root pear aphid at 15 days after application, the only treatment that differed from the control in this date. The spirotetramat + flubendiamide mixture (Movento Total 175 OD) in both rates was effective in controlling E. pyricola at 22 DAA, because showed differences with the control treatment and the spirotetramat + thiacloprid mixture at both rates. Spirotetramat alone (Movento 100 SC) controlled the pear root aphid only at 22 DAA. The treatments with sprirotetramat alone or with flubendiamide or thiacloprid mixtures at different moments during the experiment showed residual effects not longer than a week, which indicate that the efficacy was not appropriate for the control of this pest under the field conditions of the experiment

Influencia de la carga frutal en la dispersión de Cydia pomonella (L.) en un huerto de manzano de la Región del Maule

33 p.La polilla de la manzana (Cydia pomonella) es la plaga más importante del cultivo de las pomáceas a nivel mundial. Su control efectivo en huertos comerciales es afectado por la inmigración de polillas adultas desde otros huertos sin manejo. Por lo tanto conocer su dispersión es de gran importancia para el adecuado control de esta plaga. Con el propósito de evaluar si la carga frutal afecta la dispersión por vuelo de los adultos de la polilla de la manzana, se realizó un experimento de remoción de fruta en comparación con otro sector que mantuvo la presencia de fruta en un huerto de manzano. La dispersión de los adultos fue estimada mediante la técnica de inmunomarcaje con proteínas (leche y huevo), las cuales fueron usadas para marcar cada sector con y sin fruta. Luego se capturaron los adultos en trampas pasivas (sin atrayentes) para establecer si se produjo la dispersión entre sectores del huerto. No se encontró diferencias en la frecuencia de individuos marcados provenientes de los sectores con y sin fruta en los individuos capturados en trampas pasivas. Nuestros resultados muestran que la polilla de la manzana no se dispersó significativamente desde sectores sin fruta hacia los sectores con fruta o viceversa. Por lo tanto, los resultados sugieren que las hembras no se dispersaron entre sectores del huerto en busca de sitios de ovipostura, así como tampoco los machos en busca de las hembras para la cópula./ABSTRACT: The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is the most important pest of pome fruits. Its effective control in commercial orchards is affected by the immigration of adult moths from other unmanaged orchards. Therefore knowing their dispersion is of great importance for the adequate control of this pest. In order to assess whether the fruit load affects the dispersion by flight of the adults of the codling moth, a fruit removal experiment was carried out in comparison with other sector that maintained the presence of fruit in an apple orchard. The dispersal of adults was estimated using the technique of immunomarking with proteins (milk and eggs), which were used to mark each plot with and without fruit. Adults were then captured in passive traps (without attractants) to establish whether there was dispersion between plots in the orchard. No differences in the frequency of marked individuals caught from plots with and without fruit in passive traps plots located in the without fruit was found. Our results show that the codling moth is not significantly dispersed from no fruit sectors towards sectors with fruit or vice versa. Therefore, the results suggest that females are not dispersed between plots of the orchard in search of oviposition sites, as well as males looking for females for copulation

Correction: Pulsed moxifloxacin for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Acute exacerbations contribute to the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This proof-of-concept study evaluates whether intermittent pulsed moxifloxacin treatment could reduce the frequency of these exacerbations. METHODS: Stable patients with COPD were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to receive moxifloxacin 400 mg PO once daily (N = 573) or placebo (N = 584) once a day for 5 days. Treatment was repeated every 8 weeks for a total of six courses. Patients were repeatedly assessed clinically and microbiologically during the 48-week treatment period, and for a further 24 weeks' follow-up. RESULTS: At 48 weeks the odds ratio (OR) for suffering an exacerbation favoured moxifloxacin: per-protocol (PP) population (N = 738, OR 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.565-0.994, p = 0.046), intent-to-treat (ITT) population (N = 1149, OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.645-1.008, p = 0.059), and a post-hoc analysis of per-protocol (PP) patients with purulent/mucopurulent sputum production at baseline (N = 323, OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.84, p = 0.006).There were no significant differences between moxifloxacin and placebo in any pre-specified efficacy subgroup analyses or in hospitalization rates, mortality rates, lung function or changes in St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total scores. There was, however, a significant difference in favour of moxifloxacin in the SGRQ symptom domain (ITT: -8.2 vs -3.8, p = 0.009; PP: -8.8 vs -4.4, p = 0.006). Moxifloxacin treatment was not associated with consistent changes in moxifloxacin susceptibility. There were more treatment-emergent, drug related adverse events with moxifloxacin vs placebo (p < 0.001) largely due to gastrointestinal events (4.7% vs 0.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent pulsed therapy with moxifloxacin reduced the odds of exacerbation by 20% in the ITT population, by 25% among the PP population and by 45% in PP patients with purulent/mucopurulent sputum at baseline. There were no unexpected adverse events and there was no evidence of resistance development. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00473460 (ClincalTrials.gov)

Linoleic acid and stearic acid are biosynthetic precursors of (7Z,10Z)-7,10-hexadecadienal, the major component of the sex pheromone of Chilecomadia valdiviana (Lepidoptera: Cossidae).

The main pheromone compound of Chilecomadia valdiviana (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) has been recently identified as (7Z,10Z)-7,10-hexadecadienal. The biosynthesis of this pheromone compound showing attributes of both Type I and Type II lepidopteran pheromones was studied by the topical application of isotope-labeled fatty acids to the pheromone gland and subsequent analysis of the gland contents (pheromone compounds and fatty acyl compounds) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The deuterium label of D11-linoleic acid was incorporated into the pheromone compound and its putative acyl precursor (7Z,10Z)-7,10-hexadecadienoate, demonstrating that the pheromone compound is biosynthesized from linoleic acid by chain-shortening and further functional group transformation. Furthermore, the deuterium label of D3-stearic acid was also incorporated into the pheromone compound, which indicates that the pheromone can be synthesized de novo by C. valdiviana, as is the case for Type I lepidopteran pheromone compounds