Mitos y realidades sobre el origen del culto a la Virgen de Guadalupe

Resumen:El culto a la virgen de Guadalupe tiene su origen remoto en un santuario prehispánico situado en el cerro del Tepeyac, al norte de la ciudad de México, dedicado a la diosa Tonantzin. Hacia 1525, el santuario fue convertido por los frailes evangelizadores en una ermita católica, dedicada a la virgen María. Para dar culto a ésta última, los frailes colocaron en ella una pintura de la Virgen como Inmaculada Concepción, realizada por un indio de nombre Marcos, y a la que pronto se atribuyeron poderes milagrosos. Durante las primeras décadas la ermita fue visitada principalmente por indígenas, pero a mediados del siglo XVII, el culto a la virgen del Tepeyac se extendió a todos los grupos sociales. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, surgió entre indígenas educados a la usanza española una  leyenda que daba cuenta del origen de la ermita y de la milagrosa imagen. La leyenda conjuga las  dos tradiciones que confluyen en la cultura mexicana: la española y la indígena. Así, a la vez que se inscribe en el marianismo hispánico, fincado en el poder de las imágenes, y sigue un desarrollo narrativo parecido a las leyendas marianas españolas, contiene numerosos elementos de raigambre indígena que lo sitúan dentro de la tradición de los pueblos prehispánicos.Palabras clave: Virgen María, apariciones, culto mariano, leyendas fundacionales, imágenes marianas, vírgenes milagrosas, virgen de Guadalupe, evangelización.**********************************************************Myths and realities about the origen of the worship of Guadalupe’s virginAbstract:The worship of the Guadalupe’s virgin has its origins from the remote Pre-Hispanic sanctuary established on the hill of Tepeyac, in the north of Mexico City, consecrated to the female god Tonatzin. Around 1525, the Sanctuary was transformed by the evangelize friars in a catholic shrine dedicated to Virgin Mary. The legend conjugates two traditions that converge in the Mexican culture. So, at the time it is subscribed to the Hispanic Marians, supported on the power of the images and it continues a narrative development so similar with the Hispanic Marian legends; it contains, also, numerous elements from the indigenous culture, achieving a position of tradition in the Pre-Hispanic towns. Key words: Virgin Mary, apparition; Marian worship, founder legends, Marian images, miracle virgin, Guadeloupe’s virgin, evangelization.*********************************************************Mitos e realidades sobre a origem do culto à Virgem de GuadalupeResumo:O culto à virgem de Guadalupe tem sua origem remota num santuário pré-hispânico situado no cerro do Tepeyac, ao norte da cidade do México, dedicado à deusa Tonantzin. Pelo ano de 1525, o santuário foi convertido pelos freis evangelizadores num eremitério católico, dedicado à virgem Maria. Para cultuar a essa última, os freis colocaram nela uma pintura da Virgem como Imaculada Concepção, realizada por um índio de nome Marcos, e a qual rapidamente foram atribuídos poderes milagrosos. Durante as primeiras décadas o eremitério foi visitado principalmente por indígenas, mas nos meados do século XVII, o culto à virgem do Tepeyac se estendeu a todos os grupos sociais. Durante a segunda metade do século XVI surgiu entre indígenas educados à moda espanhola uma lenda que dava conta da origem do eremitério milagrosa imagem. A lenda conjuga as duas tradições que confluem na cultura mexicana: a espanhola e a indígena. Assim sendo, à vez que se inscreve no marianismo hispânico, fundamentado no poder das imagens, e segue um desenvolvimento narrativo semelhante às lendas marianas espanhoas, contem numerosos elementos de reminiscência indígena que o situam dentro da tradição dos povos pré-hispânicos. Palavras chave: Virgem Maria, aparições, culto mariano, lendas originárias, imagens marianas, virgens miraculosas, virgem de Guadalupe, evangelização.</jats:p

Case Study Of Employee Turnover At Ice Cream Deli In Mexico

This case study focuses on a Mexican franchise - Ice Cream Deli - and its interest to reduce voluntary-avoidable turnover in order to lower costs and increase productivity. High turnover is a common problem in many organizations in Cancun and Playa Del Carmen, Mexico. The ten Ice Cream Deli stores studied in this case present a high voluntary turnover, even when the job conditions in the organization are better than the market. Arturo Mendoza, Director of Operations, is interested in analyzing the root causes of the problem and providing an action plan to reduce turnover of line workers. Some of the reasons for turnover and retention are stated from the perspective of the workers

Investigations of equine sarcoids and bovine papillomavirus in Western Canada

Equine sarcoids are the most common skin tumors of horses. Despite being such a common entity, relatively little is known about many features of sarcoid epidemiology or growth. In addition, due to the detection of Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) DNA of 2 different types, BPV type 1 (BPV1) and BPV type 2 (BPV2), in equine sarcoids BPV has been suggested as the causative agent of sarcoid development. Recently, however, BPV DNA has also been detected in other skin conditions of horses; the significance of this is unclear. Multiple studies to learn more about sarcoids were undertaken. To investigate the epidemiology of sarcoids in horses in Western Canada the records of five veterinary diagnostic laboratories were searched to identify submissions of sarcoids from horses. The submission record and diagnostic reports of 802 separate submissions of equine sarcoids were reviewed for age, breed, and gender of the horse and the number, location and clinical type of sarcoid. Based on these submissions, horses of a wide variety of ages and 23 different equine breeds were affected, within these breeds, Donkeys were overrepresented. The presence of BPV was determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). BPV was found in 74 of 96 (77.1%) samples, and using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, BPV1 and BPV2 were identified in these samples. BPV2 was present in 59 (79.7%) of these. Unlike other areas in the world, in Western Canada, equine sarcoids are most commonly associated with BPV2. A second study examined different clinical types of sarcoids to determine if there was differential expression of immunohistochemical markers associated with apoptosis, Cleaved Caspase 3(ClC3), and antiapoptotic factors, B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Survivin. No differences in the expression of any of these markers regardless of BPV type were noted. Survivin was expressed in equine sarcoids of all types and increased levels of expression are associated with more aggressive clinical behaviour. Finally, the location of BPV DNA was determined in both sarcoids and a variety of non-sarcoid inflammatory skin conditions of horses, as well as, normal skin. PCR for BPV DNA was performed on 86 skin biopsies from horses with non-sarcoid skin conditions, as well as, normal skin. BPV DNA was present in 41 of 86 biopsies. These positive samples, in addition to BPV positive sarcoid samples from the earlier study, were dissected into tissue compartments using laser microdissection followed by 2 forms of BPV DNA amplification, PCR and isothermal loop mediated amplification. BPV DNA was more often located in the epidermis of non-sarcoid skin conditions than in sarcoids. In addition, areas of inflammation within the dermis and epidermis were more likely to contain BPV DNA than non-inflamed areas. These results suggest that while BPV is commonly found in equine skin, the location where it is found differs between sarcoids and non-sarcoid samples. When BPV DNA was found in non-sarcoid samples, it was commonly associated with inflammation suggesting that microscopic damage to the epidermal barrier of the skin maybe an adequate predisposing factor to the development of sarcoids

Life Cycle In Organizations: A Stationery Shop Case Study

This teaching case reviews the basis of Life Cycle Model in order to understand the transitional stages in organizations. It focuses particularly on Adizes ten stages model. The single case presented here helps us to reflect on life cycle of a micro sized business in Cancún, México. As narrated by her owner; the micro-sized business has passes three stages that she calls: the beginning, the expansion and the foundation stages. This case study is suggested for undergraduate students in managerial or organizational studies programs.

Freedom on Water through Stand-Up Paddling: A qualitative study on physical bodily experiences and their influence on mental health

In Denmark mental disorders are the most prevalent disease, accounting for 25 % of the total burden of disease. This underlines the need of initiatives for prevention and treatment in which the role of physical activity and bodily experiences contains unexploited opportunities and obvious catches people’s attention. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences from people with mental disorders doing Stand-Up Paddle (SUP) and to explore if and how the experiences influenced their mental health. Anthropological fieldwork including participant observation and qualitative interviews for three months in Denmark among eight people living with mental disorders, participating in a project called ‘Freedom on water’ including SUP. Empirical material was thematically analysed at first and secondly theoretically analysed with perspectives of Merleau-Ponty, Deci &amp; Ryan and Csikszentmihalyi. Themes identified concerned social interaction, nature, mind-body connection, and experiences of success. The participants’ mental health was affected positively by doing SUP. When fully concentrated, managing the (bodily) challenges on the SUP-board their rumination disappeared and they felt present in the moment. Forgetting oneself, flow, skills, coping mechanisms, self-confidence and positively social integration were strengthened. This study proves the value of including the physical body in initiatives for mental health

A Mexican Perspective on NAFTA and the Regulation of Unfair Trade Practices

This PDF contains a central article and response articles, these are then followed by a short discussion piece

Brígida von Mentz. Verena Radkau. Beatriz Scharrer y Guillermo Turner. Los pioneros del imperialismo alemán en México. México. Ediciones La Casa Chata. 1982. 522 p.

Reseña del libro "Los pioneros del imperialismo alemán en México" de Brígida von Mentz, Verena Radkau, Beatriz Scharrer y Guillermo Turner es un estudio exhaustivo sobre la llegada y asentamiento de inmigrantes alemanes en México durante el siglo XIX. A través de un enfoque multidisciplinario, los autores analizan las motivaciones económicas y sociales que llevaron a estos inmigrantes a establecerse en el país, así como su impacto en la sociedad mexicana. El texto forma parte de un proyecto más amplio sobre las minorías étnicas en México y ofrece una visión detallada de cómo los alemanes mantuvieron su identidad cultural mientras contribuían al desarrollo económico del paísUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Histórica

Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus Altobello, 1921) and molecular detection of taeniids in the Foreste Casentinesi National Park, Northern Italian Apennines

After centuries of massive decline, the recovery of the wolf (Canis lupus italicus) in Italy is a typical conservation success story. To learn more about the possible role of parasites in the wolves' individual and population health and conservation we used non-invasive molecular approaches on fecal samples to identify individual wolves, pack membership, and the taeniids present, some of which are zoonotic. A total of 130 specimens belonging to 54 wolves from eight packs were collected and examined. Taeniid eggs were isolated using a sieving/flotation technique, and the species level was identified by PCR (gene target: 12S rRNA and nad1). Taeniid prevalence was 40.7% for Taenia hydatigena, 22.2% for T. krabbei, 1.8% for T. polyachanta and 5.5% for Echinococcus granulosus. The prevalence of E. granulosus is discussed. Our results show that the taeniid fauna found in wolves from the Foreste Casentinesi National Park is comparable to that described for other domestic and wild Italian canids and provides insights into the wolves' diet and their relationship with the environment