Local picture-repetition mode detector for video de-interlacing

The de-interlacing of video material converted from film can be perfect, provided it is possible to recognize the field-pairs that originate from the same film image. Various so-called film-detectors have been proposed for this purpose, mainly in the patent-literature. Typically, these detectors fail in cases where video overlays are merged with film material, or when nonstandard repetition patterns are used. Both problems occur frequently in television broadcast. For these hybrid and/or irregular cases, we propose a detector that can detect different picture-repetition patterns locally in the image. This detector combines fuzzy logic rules and spatio-temporal prediction to arrive at a highly robust decision signal, suitable for pixel-accurate de-interlacing of hybrid and irregular video material. In addition to an evaluation of the performance, the paper also provides a complexity analysis.Peer Reviewe

Local picture-repetition mode detector for video de-interlacing

The de-interlacing of video material converted from film can be perfect, provided it is possible to recognize the field-pairs that originate from the same film image. Various so-called film-detectors have been proposed for this purpose, mainly in the patent-literature. Typically, these detectors fail in cases where video overlays are merged with film material, or when nonstandard repetition patterns are used. Both problems occur frequently in television broadcast. For these hybrid and/or irregular cases, we propose a detector that can detect different picture-repetition patterns locally in the image. This detector combines fuzzy logic rules and spatio-temporal prediction to arrive at a highly robust decision signal, suitable for pixel-accurate de-interlacing of hybrid and irregular video material. In addition to an evaluation of the performance, the paper also provides a complexity analysis

Sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers tested at STI clinics in the Netherlands, 2006–2013

BACKGROUND: Specialised sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics in the Netherlands provide STI care for high-risk groups, including female sex workers (FSW), at the clinic and by outreach visiting commercial sex workplaces with a permit. The objective was to investigate the STI positivity rate and determinants of an STI diagnosis among FSW tested by STI clinics in the Netherlands. METHODS: Sexually transmitted infection clinics report demographic, behavioural and diagnostic information of every consultation to the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. We analysed all consultations of FSW between 2006 and 2013. Trends in STI positivity rate (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, infectious syphilis, HIV and hepatitis B) were analysed using χ(2) for trend and logistic regression was used to analyse determinants associated with an STI diagnosis. Differences between consultations at the STI clinic and consultations during outreach were analysed using χ(2) tests. RESULTS: The positivity rate for any STI (overall 9.5 %) was stable from 2006 to 2013. Chlamydia positivity rate (overall 7.1 %) decreased (p < 0.001) and gonorrhoea positivity rate (overall 2.6 %) increased (p < 0.001). For gonorrhoea, the highest positivity rate was found oropharyngeal (2.0 %). Characteristics associated with STI were a younger age [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.96, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.95–0.97 per year], a previous STI diagnosis (aOR 1.63, 95 % CI 1.38–1.92) and being notified for an STI by partner notification (aOR 2.61, 95 % CI 2.0–3.40). The STI positivity rate was significantly lower among FSW tested at outreach locations (8.6 %) compared to FSW tested at the STI clinic (11.7 %, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The STI positivity rate among FSW remained stable, but underlying this was a decreasing chlamydia trend and an increasing gonorrhoea trend, suggesting a shift in STI risks among FSW over time. Condom use during oral sex should be promoted since oropharyngeal gonorrhoea was frequently diagnosed and because of the potential spread of antimicrobial resistant gonococci. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12982-015-0034-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, in the Netherlands in 2013

Het aantal mensen dat zich bij een Centrum Seksuele Gezondheid heeft laten testen op een seksueel overdraagbare aandoening (soa) is verder gestegen in 2013. Het percentage mensen met een soa is voor het eerst licht gedaald (met 0,4 procent) sinds 2007. Desondanks blijft dit percentage hoog (14,7 procent). Een goed functionerende soa-monitoring blijft daarom essentieel om zicht te houden op relevante trends, opkomende soa binnen groepen die een grotere kans hebben er een op te lopen, en de effectiviteit van preventieprogramma's. De Centra Seksuele Gezondheid (CSG), voorheen soa-poli's, bieden hoogrisicogroepen de mogelijkheid om zich gratis te laten testen op soa en verstrekken medicatie als er een wordt vastgesteld. Het totaal aantal consulten in 2013 bedroeg 133.585 en is met 10 procent toegenomen ten opzichte van 2012. Van alle bezoekers werden de meeste soa gediagnosticeerd bij mensen die ervoor gewaarschuwd waren dat ze mogelijk een soa hadden opgelopen, mensen jonger dan 25 jaar, migranten uit gebieden waar soa en hiv veel voorkomen (bijvoorbeeld Afrika, Zuid-Amerika of Oost-Europa), of mannen die seks hebben met mannen (MSM). Chlamydia Net als in voorgaande jaren was chlamydia de meest gediagnosticeerde soa bij de CSG in 2013 (15.767 diagnoses). Het percentage mensen dat chlamydia had, daalde licht ten opzichte van 2012 (van 12,2 naar 11,8 procent). Chlamydia werd het meest vastgesteld bij heteroseksuelen, zowel mannen als vrouwen, onder de 25 jaar. Na de uitschieter in 2012 van het aantal en percentage mensen met een agressieve variant van chlamydia, lymphogranuloma venereum, zijn deze cijfers weer afgenomen naar het niveau van de jaren daarvoor (7 procent in 2013). Gonorroe Het percentage personen met een gonorroe-infectie bij de CSG bleef in 2013 stabiel ten opzichte van 2012 (3,6 procent in 2012 en 3,4 procent in 2013), nadat het in de voorgaande jaren licht was gestegen. Deze soa werd het meest gediagnosticeerd bij MSM. Het blijft belangrijk om te volgen of de gonorroe-bacterie resistent raakt tegen de antibiotica die in Nederland voorgeschreven worden, de zogenoemde derde generatie cefalosporines. In diverse Europese landen is deze resistentie waargenomen. Hiv Het aantal personen met een hiv-infectie, gediagnosticeerd bij een van de CSG, is in 2013 gelijk gebleven ten opzichte van 2012 (358 versus 356 in 2012). Het percentage positieve testen daalt sinds 2008: van 3,0 procent naar 1,4 procent bij MSM in 2013. Het percentage mensen dat in een laat stadium van een hiv-infectie bij een hiv-behandelcentrum komt, is de afgelopen jaren gedaald. Het is van belang om tijdig de hiv-diagnose te stellen en zo snel mogelijk de behandeling te starten, omdat hierdoor de gezondheidsschade bij de patiënt verkleind kan worden. Ook neemt door behandeling de besmettelijkheid af, waardoor de kans kleiner is dat hiv wordt overgedragen.In 2013, more people were tested for sexually transmitted infections (STI) at Dutch STI clinics than in previous years. Although the percentage of people with an STI showed a slight decrease (0.4 per cent) for the first time since 2007, it remained high at 14.7 per cent. Effective STI monitoring remains essential for the identification of relevant trends, emerging STIs in high-risk groups, and the effectiveness of prevention programmes. STI clinics offer high-risk groups access to free testing for STI and provide care and treatment if an STI is diagnosed. The total number of consultations in 2013 was 133,585, an increase of 10% compared with 2012. In 2013, STI clinic attendees with an STI were mainly people who reported having been notified of their possible exposure to STI, people aged 20-24, people originating from areas in which STI/HIV is common (e.g. Africa, South America or Eastern Europe), and men who have sex with men (MSM). Chlamydia With 15,767 cases, chlamydia remains the most commonly diagnosed STI in 2013. The percentage of people diagnosed with chlamydia was slightly lower in 2013 than in 2012 (11.8 versus 12.2 respectively). Chlamydia was primarily diagnosed in heterosexuals younger than 25 years old and in both men and women. Following the increase in the number and percentage of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV; an aggressive variant of chlamydia) infections in 2012, these numbers declined to a level comparable to previous years in 2013. Gonorrhoea Whereas the percentage of people with a gonorrhoea infection slightly had increased in previous years, the percentage remained stable in 2013 (3.4 per cent) compared with 2012 (3.6 per cent). Gonorrhoea was mostly diagnosed in MSM. It remains important to monitor the resistance of the gonorrhoea bacteria against the antibiotic currently recommended in the Netherlands, a third-generation cephalosporin. A rising rate of resistance to this antibiotic has been observed in several European countries. HIVThe number of people diagnosed with HIV at STI clinics in 2013 was similar to that of 2012 (358 versus 356 respectively). Among MSM, the percentage of positive HIV tests decreased from 3.0 per cent in 2008 to 1.4 per cent in 2013. The percentage of HIV-positive people who were diagnosed at a late stage of the infection has decreased in previous years. Early diagnosis and treatment of an HIV infection is important because of individual health benefits and the potential reduction of HIV transmission

Population-level impact and herd effects following the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Background More than 10 years have elapsed since human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination was implemented. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of the population-level impact of vaccinating girls and women against human papillomavirus on HPV infections, anogenital wart diagnoses, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+ (CIN2+)to summarise the most recent evidence about the effectiveness of HPV vaccines in real-world settings and to quantify the impact of multiple age-cohort vaccination.Methods In this updated systematic review and meta-analysis, we used the same search strategy as in our previous paper. We searched MEDLINE and Embase for studies published between Feb 1, 2014, and Oct 11, 2018. Studies were eligible if they compared the frequency (prevalence or incidence) of at least one HPV-related endpoint (genital HPV infections, anogenital wart diagnoses, or histologically confirmed CIN2+) between pre-vaccination and post-vaccination periods among the general population and if they used the same population sources and recruitment methods before and after vaccination. Our primary assessment was the relative risk (RR) comparing the frequency (prevalence or incidence) of HPV-related endpoints between the pre-vaccination and post-vaccination periods. We stratified all analyses by sex, age, and years since introduction of HPV vaccination. We used random-effects models to estimate pooled relative risks.Findings We identified 1702 potentially eligible articles for this systematic review and meta-analysis, and included 65 articles in 14 high-income countries: 23 for HPV infection, 29 for anogenital warts, and 13 for CIN2+.After 5\u20138 years of vaccination, the prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 decreased significantly by 83% (RR 0\ub717, 95% CI 0\ub711\u20130\ub725) among girls aged 13\u201319 years, and decreased significantly by 66% (RR 0\ub734, 95% CI 0\ub723\u20130\ub749) among women aged 20\u201324 years. The prevalence of HPV 31, 33, and 45 decreased significantly by 54% (RR 0\ub746, 95% CI 0\ub733\u20130\ub766) among girls aged 13\u201319 years. Anogenital wart diagnoses decreased significantly by 67% (RR 0\ub733, 95% CI 0\ub724\u20130\ub746) among girls aged 15\u201319 years, decreased significantly by 54% (RR 0\ub746, 95% CI 0.36\u20130.60) among women aged 20\u201324 years, and decreased significantly by 31% (RR 0\ub769, 95% CI 0\ub753\u20130\ub789) among women aged 25\u201329 years. Among boys aged 15\u201319 years anogenital wart diagnoses decreased significantly by 48% (RR 0\ub752, 95% CI 0\ub737\u20130\ub775) and among men aged 20\u201324 years they decreased significantly by 32% (RR 0\ub768, 95% CI 0\ub747\u20130\ub798). After 5\u20139 years of vaccination, CIN2+ decreased significantly by 51% (RR 0\ub749, 95% CI 0\ub742\u20130\ub758) among screened girls aged 15\u201319 years and decreased significantly by 31% (RR 0\ub769, 95% CI 0\ub757\u20130\ub784) among women aged 20\u201324 years.Interpretation This updated systematic review and meta-analysis includes data from 60 million individuals and up to 8 years of post-vaccination follow-up. Our results show compelling evidence of the substantial impact of HPV vaccination programmes on HPV infections and CIN2+ among girls and women, and on anogenital warts diagnoses among girls, women, boys, and men. Additionally, programmes with multi-cohort vaccination and high vaccination coverage had a greater direct impact and herd effects