Walka o przywrócenie polskiej pamięci zbiorowej dziejów IV Zarządu Głównego WiN po 1950 roku

W artykule przedstawione zostały zmagania środowiska patriotycznego z władzą komunistyczną, która najpierw chciała zniszczyć dobre imię IV Zarządu Głównego WiN oraz wszystkich działaczy niepodległościowych, a następnie zetrzeć wszelki ślad po ich istnieniu. Po okrutnym śledztwie członkowie IV Zarządu zostali osądzeni w pokazowym procesie, którego przebieg był relacjonowany przez radio. Nie pozostało to bez odpowiedzi. Wśród głosu oburzenia znajdował się list robotników wrocławskich, przechowywany przez Urząd Bezpieczeństwa. W walkę o godną pamięć włączył się również Kościół, a w późniejszym okresie Solidarność. Wszystkie działania podejmowane, aby przechować pamięć o IV Zarządzie Głównym WiN spotykały się ze piętnowaniem przez ówczesną władzę komunistyczną. Mimo to prowadzone były dalsze działania. Powstały symboliczne mogiły, gdyż miejsce spoczynku ich ciał do dziś nie jest znane. Ważnym i niezwykle bogatym źródłem są grypsy z celi śmierci pisane przez prezesa IV Zarządu – Łukasza Cieplińskiego. Do przygotowania artykułu wykorzystano źródła archiwalne, wspomnienia, materiały prasowe oraz opracowania.The article presents the struggles of patriotic activists with the communist authorities. Initially, the Communists wanted to destroy the good name of the fourth Main Directorate of „Freedom and Independence” and all independence activists, and then remove any trace of their existence. After a cruel investigation, members of the fourth Main Directorate were tried in a demonstration process. The course of the trial was reported on the radio. This was not without an answer. Among the voices of indignation was the letter of the Wrocław laborers, kept by the Security Office. The Church, and later Solidarność, also joined the battle for memory. All activities undertaken to preserve the memory of the fourth Main Directorate were stigmatized by the then communist authorities. Nevertheless, further activities were carried out. Symbolic graves were created, because the resting place of their bodies is not known today. An important and extremely rich source are secret messages written by the president of the fourth Main Directorate – Łukasz Ciepliński from the death cell. Archival sources, memories, press materials and studies were used to prepare the article

The genus Alchemilla in the Beskid Niski Mts

The paper presents information on Alchemilla species occurring in the Beskid Niski Mts. Herbarium specimens collected from 1988 to 2013 and published data records were used to prepare this study. Distribution of each species is shown in the map, whereas appendix contains complete list of localities

Radiative transfer modeling through terrestrial atmosphere and ocean accounting for inelastic scattering processes: Software package SCIATRAN.

SCIATRAN is a comprehensive software package which is designed to model radiative transfer processes in the terrestrial atmosphere and ocean in the spectral range from the ultraviolet to the thermal infrared (0.18–40 μm). It accounts for multiple scattering processes, polarization, thermal emission and ocean–atmosphere coupling. The main goal of this paper is to present a recently developed version of SCIATRAN which takes into account accurately inelastic radiative processes in both the atmosphere and the ocean. In the scalar version of the coupled ocean–atmosphere radiative transfer solver presented by Rozanov et al. [61] we have implemented the simulation of the rotational Raman scattering, vibrational Raman scattering, chlorophyll and colored dissolved organic matter fluorescence. In this paper we discuss and explain the numerical methods used in SCIATRAN to solve the scalar radiative transfer equation including trans-spectral processes, and demonstrate how some selected radiative transfer problems are solved using the SCIATRAN package. In addition we present selected comparisons of SCIATRAN simulations with those published benchmark results, independent radiative transfer models, and various measurements from satellite, ground-based, and ship-borne instruments. The extended SCIATRAN software package along with a detailed User's Guide is made available for scientists and students, who are undertaking their own research typically at universities, via the web page of the Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen: http://www.iup.physik.uni-bremen.de

Synergistic exploitation of hyper- and multispectral Sentinel measurements to determine Phytoplankton Functional Types at best spatial and temporal resolution (SynSenPFT)

We derive the chlorophyll a concentration (Chla) for three main phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) – diatoms, coccolithophores and cyanobacteria – by combining satellite multispectral-based information, being of a high spatial and temporal resolution, with retrievals based on high resolution of PFT absorption properties derived from hyperspectral satellite measurements. The multispectral-based PFT Chla retrievals are based on a revised version of the empirical OC-PFT algorithm applied to the Ocean Color Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) total Chla product. The PhytoDOAS analytical algorithm is used with some modifications to derive PFT Chla from SCIAMACHY hyperspectral measurements. To combine synergistically these two PFT products (OC-PFT and PhytoDOAS), an optimal interpolation is performed for each PFT in every OC-PFT sub-pixel within a PhytoDOAS pixel, given its Chla and its a priori error statistics. The synergistic product (SynSenPFT) is presented for the period of August 2002 March 2012 and evaluated against PFT Chla data obtained from in situ marker pigment data and the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model simulations and satellite information on phytoplankton size. The most challenging aspects of the SynSenPFT algorithm implementation are discussed. Perspectives on SynSenPFT product improvements and prolongation of the time series over the next decades by adaptation to Sentinel multi- and hyperspectral instruments are highlighted

Regulation of endothelial inflammation by TAM receptors

The TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) receptors tyrosine kinases together with their ligands Gas6 and protein S play an important role in many cellular processes such as resolution of inflammation and phagocytosis. Notably, they were found to have an important function in vasculature, acting as a pro-survival factors and regulators of angiogenesis. Nevertheless, their role in endothelial inflammation is still poorly understood. Conflicting conclusions have been published, indicating both pro and anti-inflammatory properties of TAM-mediated signaling in endothelium. In this study we sought to elucidate the role of these receptors in endothelial inflammation by measuring the levels of pro-inflammatory markers, such as cytokines and adhesion molecules, in response to inflammatory stimuli in TAM and TAM ligand-deficient human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We found that Axl/Gas6 signaling acts as a pro-inflammatory agent by promoting an increased expression of adhesion molecules and cytokine secretion. Conversely, we suggest anti inflammatory tendencies of the Mer/protein S axis. Moreover, we demonstrate that starvation strongly upregulates Mer expression in HUVEC cells. Finally, we propose that TAM receptors expression is differently regulated depending on cell type, as inflammatory regulators known to induce TAM-expression in immune cells fail to upregulate TAMs in HUVECs. Taken together, we present diversification and complexity of Axl and Mer receptor functions in endothelial inflammation, thus suggesting the need for further investigations.TAMing endothelial inflammation TAM (Tyro3, Axl and Mer) receptors are some of the proteins attached to the cell surface. In the presented work we show an important role of these proteins in cells, which line up inner part of blood vessels (endothelial cells). We found that Axl and Mer play opposite roles. Axl receptor increases inflammation in these cells, whereas Mer decreases inflammation. The human cell is a very complex structure, with many proteins attached to its surface, referred to as cell receptors. There are many different kinds of receptors, and one group of them is the TAM receptors family, which stands for Tyro3, Axl and Mer. They share structural similarities, however their abundance and functions vary from cell to cell. In order to activate the TAM receptor, a so called “TAM receptor ligand” must bind to it (Figure 1). TAM receptors are involved in various processes in the human body, such as clearance of dying cells. In this process, specialized immune cells, thanks to TAM receptors on their surface, recognize dying cells and “eat” them. This process is determined by TAM ligand interaction, where the ligand binds to specific signals expressed on the dying cell, thus creating a “bridge” between both cells (Figure 1). TAM receptors in endothelium- are they good or bad players? TAM receptors are also expressed in endothelial cells, which line up the inner part of blood vessels, hence they are in direct contact with blood. There are many causes of inflammation in the human body, such as injuries and infections. Upon the inflammation, endothelial cells produce various proteins, which allow immune cells to become activated and help them pass through the blood vessel wall to reach the underlying tissue. We have measured how the different TAMs regulate various proteins expressed by endothelial cells during inflammatory conditions. Previously published studies have reached opposing conclusions regarding the pro or anti-inflammatory role of TAMs in endothelium. We observed that Axl-activation seems to promote inflammation, whereas Mer-activation down regulates it. This observation brought new light on their role in vascular inflammation, which could be both good and bad. Further, we tested different pro- and anti inflammatory agents, which were reported to strongly induce TAM expression in immune cells. To our surprise, these agents did not affect the expression of TAM receptors in human endothelial cells. This conclusion led us to hypothesize that TAM expression is regulated differently depending on cell type. Our study provides another step on the way to better understanding these receptors for future therapeutic use. Our results provide the confirmation of pro-inflammatory properties of Axl in endothelium, thus suggesting this receptor as an interesting drug target for fighting inflammation. Advisor: Kaisa Otteby Master’s Degree Project in Molecular Biology 60 credits 2015 Department of Biology, Lund Universit

Linguistic Didacticism in the Noctes Atticae by Aulus Gellius

The aim of this paper is to examine the didactic value of the Attic Nights from the linguistic point of view, and precisely, from the point of view of Gellius’ teachings on the meanings of words. In this context it has been stated that the author makes his readers aware of new meanings gained by certain words when used in contemporary colloquial idiom, describes and interprets the mechanism which had generated those meanings, evaluates the results of the process of semantic change, and, finally, comments on the way some grammarians assess the usage of certain words in ancient literary texts. In effect, the paper concentrates on the passages where A. Gellius, referring to ancient (archaic and classical) literature, describes the semantic differences occurring in various words, depending on their usage, whether in literary or colloquial language, defines the linguistic mechanism giving rise to colloquial variants of different linguistic items, and presents in a critical light the influence of colloquial language on the way in which interpretation is made of particular words as they occur in literary texts