Mortality of Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) Adults Exposed to Different Concentrations of Filter Cake in Stored Wheat

አህፅሮትየሲልከን ውሁድ ያሊቸው ግዑዝ ብናኞች የተከዘነ እህልን ከጎተራ ነፍሳት ከመከሊከል አንጻር ከኬሚካሎች ይልቅ ሇአካባቢ ተስማሚ ሇጤናም ጉልህ ጉዳት የማያስከትለ አማራጮች እየሆኑ መጥተዋል፡፡ ከዚህ ጋር ተያይዞ አንድ የሲሉከን ውሁድ ያሇው የማጣሪያ ኬክ ብናኝ በጎተራ ነፍሳት ሊይ የሚኖረውን የመቆጣጠር አቅም ሇመፈተሽ በጎተራ ነቀዝ እና በትንሹ እህል ቦርቧሪ ጥንዚዛ ሊይ ጥናት ተደርጓል፡፡ ጥናቱ የተከናወነው 1ኪ.ግ.፣ 0.75ኪ.ግ.፣ 0.5ኪ.ግ.፣ እና 0.25ኪ.ግ. የማጣሪያ ኬክ ብናኝ በአንድ ኩንታል ስንዴ ሊይ በመጨመር ሲሆን የብናኙን ውጤታማነት ሇመቆጣጠር ምንም ብናኝ ያልተደረገበት ስንዴ ከጎን ተጠንቷል፡፡ ጥናቱ ባጠቃሊይ ሇ14ቀናት የተከናወነ ሲሆን ብናኝ ባሇው ስንዴ ውስጥ የገቡ ጉልምስ ነፍሳት የደረሰባቸው የሞት መጠን ተገምግሟል፡፡ በዚህም መሠረት በጎተራ ነቀዞች ሊይ በሶስት ቀናት ብቻ ከ41.3% እስከ 70.0% የጉልምሶች ሞት የተከሰተ ሲሆን ይህ በትንሹ እህል ቦርቧሪ ጥንዚዛ ጉልምሶች ሊይ ከ73.3% እስከ 93.3% ሞት አስከትሏል፡፡ ከ14 ቀናት በኋሊ ሲታይ በጎተራ ነቀዝ ጉልምሶች ሊይ እስከ 98.7% ሞት ያስከተሇ ሲሆን በትንሹ እህል ቦርቧሪ ጥንዚዛ ሊይ ግን እስከ 100% ሞትን አስከትሏል፡፡ ስሇዚህ በዚህ ጥናት ሊይ የተካተቱ የነፍሳት ዝሪያዎችን በማጣሪያ ኬክ ብናኝ ከሞሊጎደል መቆጣጠር እንደሚቻል መመልከት ይቻሊል፡፡AbstractSilica based inert dusts are eco-friendly alternatives to control stored grain insect pests due to environmental and health concerns associated with use of synthetic insecticides. A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of filter cake (a silica-based inert dust) on the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) and lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in stored wheat. Filter cake dust of ≤0.4 mm particle size was admixed with 500 g of wheat seed to provide nominal rates of 10000, 7500, 5000, and 2500 ppm (mg/kg), while the control treatment consisted of wheat seeds that were untreated. The bioassays were carried out using a liter-sized plastic jars in completely randomized design with three replications. Experiments were maintained at 23.1±1.7oC and 61.0±4.3% relative humidity. Mortality data were collected at 3, 7, and 14 d after treatment. Results indicated that mean mortality rate at 3 d after treatment ranged from 41.3 to 70.0% in S. granarius and 73.3 to 93.3% in R. dominica. Mean mortality of S. granarius adults at 14 d in filter cake treatments was 84.0 to 98.7%, whereas that of R. dominica was 98.3 to 100%. The present results show that filter cake dusts can be used to control these two species in stored wheat. Filter cake has potential in protection of wheat from S. granarius and R. dominica infestations in storage

The presentation pattern and surgical strategies in bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors: a multicenter experience in a low-income country

BackgroundBronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors include typical and atypical carcinoids, with typical carcinoids accounting for 80%–90% of these types of tumor. The primary curative treatment for these tumors is surgical resection. To our knowledge, there are limited studies on the presentation patterns and treatment strategies of bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors in Africa.ObjectiveTo determine the presentation patterns and surgical strategies in bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors in patients treated at multicenters in Ethiopia from January 2018 to December 2023.Materials and methodsA 5-year retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using medical records and pathology record reviews of patients operated on in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Menelik II Hospital, and Saint Peter's Specialized Hospital from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2023. The completeness of the data was checked before being entered into EpiData version 4.6.1, and analysis was conducted using SPSS version 29. Logistic regression was applied to depict the association of the histological pattern with its predictors. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant for the association of variables.ResultsA total of 62 patients with bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors were included in the study with a mean age of 35.29 ± 12.26 years ranging from 14 to 67 years, in which more than half [37 (56.5%)] were females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.3. The majority of the patients were non-smokers (90.3%) and symptomatic (98.4%), with a mean duration of symptoms of 29.7 ± 26 months, ranging from 3 to 156 months. Nearly half of the patients (48.4%) were treated for pulmonary tuberculosis before a diagnosis of carcinoid tumor was made. The majority of the patients underwent surgery by open posterolateral thoracotomy (98.4%), and pneumonectomy was the most common (38.7%) resection performed. Typical carcinoids were observed in 85.5% of patients. Age, smoking history, duration of symptoms, location of tumors, and lymph node status were statistically associated with histological patterns.RecommendationBased on our study findings, improving physician awareness on the clinical presentation of carcinoid tumors, training for surgeons in less invasive surgical approaches, and further nationwide studies are recommended

Integrating Climate Products in the Existing Undergraduate Curricula: An Approach to Respond to Climate Change through Climate Education

Climate change is real, and the severity of the problem is critical in developing countries where agriculture is the backbone of the economy. The agricultural sector in Ethiopia is highly climate dependent. More than 95% of farmed land grows crops under rain-fed agriculture. Given continually increasing climate change trends and variability, Ethiopia is expected to get hotter in the foreseeable future. This situation will increase small farm households' vulnerability to climate-related shocks that may induce food insecurity, malnutrition, diet-related non-communicable diseases, and large-scale displacements. Since there is no vaccine for climate change, equipping next-generation agricultural science graduates with the concepts of Climate Information Services (CIS) and Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is one of the best ways to address climate change related challenges and envision knowledge-based innovative practices that strengthen adaptation to climate change and leverage mitigation actions. Climate Change Education (CCE) and trainings have long been recognized by the national CCE strategy (2017-2030), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Paris Climate Change Agreement, and the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations (Agenda 2030) as key tools to unravel the complex and multi-sectorial challenges induced/posed by climate change. Thus, Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA), in collaboration with Ethiopian Higher Education, initiated the integration of the concept of CIS and CSA in the agricultural program in Ethiopia. Demand was created among Ethiopian public universities by engaging university vice presidents, Professionals from agriculture and climate sciences. Through consultation workshops and discussions with university management, it was noted that integrating climate products as a sub-chapter and case studies in the existing curriculum is one of the strategies to respond to climate change through education. To implement the integration of climate products (CIS, CSA, CRMA and CB) in the existing curricula, a committee was named to collect the agriculture curricula, execute gap analyses and recommend the integration of CP in the existing curriculum. A draft document was produced and circulated among committees, and the comments were received. The gap analyses revealed that there were 11 climate-related courses offered in 10 departments in the Undergraduate program. The courses were either shallowly addressed or do not address climate products in the curricula. This has necessitated integrating the existing curriculum with climate products to contribute to the efforts of climate education, ensuring the relevance and quality of education. A validation workshop was organized, and the findings of the gap analyses and gap-filling recommendations were presented to university representatives drawn from 27 Universities. Comments in the validation workshop were included, and a final integrated curriculum was approved. A document that integrated climate products were produced and passed to the universities, and action points and a timeline was established for implementation. It was recommended that incorporating CP in the curricula be extended to other disciplines (e.g., health, Water Engineering etc.). It was also suggested to extend the experience to PG programs of all disciplines coupled with strong capacity-building efforts for teaching staff. It was also recommended that a standalone, common course and credited courses should be offered to all University students to advance climate education and respond to climate change

Mapping age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence in adults in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-2018

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is still among the leading causes of disease burden and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and the world is not on track to meet targets set for ending the epidemic by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Precise HIV burden information is critical for effective geographic and epidemiological targeting of prevention and treatment interventions. Age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence estimates are widely available at the national level, and region-wide local estimates were recently published for adults overall. We add further dimensionality to previous analyses by estimating HIV prevalence at local scales, stratified into sex-specific 5-year age groups for adults ages 15-59 years across SSA. METHODS: We analyzed data from 91 seroprevalence surveys and sentinel surveillance among antenatal care clinic (ANC) attendees using model-based geostatistical methods to produce estimates of HIV prevalence across 43 countries in SSA, from years 2000 to 2018, at a 5 × 5-km resolution and presented among second administrative level (typically districts or counties) units. RESULTS: We found substantial variation in HIV prevalence across localities, ages, and sexes that have been masked in earlier analyses. Within-country variation in prevalence in 2018 was a median 3.5 times greater across ages and sexes, compared to for all adults combined. We note large within-district prevalence differences between age groups: for men, 50% of districts displayed at least a 14-fold difference between age groups with the highest and lowest prevalence, and at least a 9-fold difference for women. Prevalence trends also varied over time; between 2000 and 2018, 70% of all districts saw a reduction in prevalence greater than five percentage points in at least one sex and age group. Meanwhile, over 30% of all districts saw at least a five percentage point prevalence increase in one or more sex and age group. CONCLUSIONS: As the HIV epidemic persists and evolves in SSA, geographic and demographic shifts in prevention and treatment efforts are necessary. These estimates offer epidemiologically informative detail to better guide more targeted interventions, vital for combating HIV in SSA

Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030

Gender Based Violence and the Risk of HIV Infection among Women Attending Antenatal Care Service at HIV Sentinel Survailance Sites in Addis Ababa

Introduction In many African countries, sex ratios of new HIV infections are highly skewed to females because of biological susceptibility and also gender-based violence is increasingly cited as important determinant of women’s HIV risk; yet empirical research on possible connections remains limited. Objective This research was conducted to measure the prevalence of gender-based violence, explore the association between gender-based violence and HIV risk behaviors & HIV infection among women attending antenatal care service in Addis Ababa. Methods A cross–sectional study of 840 women presenting for antenatal care at five health centers, which are national HIV sentinel surveillance sites in Addis Ababa, who accepted routine antenatal HIV testing for PMTCT purpose was conducted between January and March 2007. Private face to face interview were done in local languages and included assessment of sociodemographic characteristics, experience of gender based violence, HIV risk behaviors including multiple and casual male partners, transactional sex, and regular use of condom by casual male partners and linked to HIV sero status. Result About 44% of the total 840 women interviewed reported physical or sexual violence at some point during their lives and lifetime experience of different types of intimate partner violence were significantly associated with increased odds of participation in HIV risk behaviors (having 4 or more male partners in life time, having sexual intercourse with non primary ever, experience of transactional sex ever, not regular use of condom with non regular partners, and substance use with problems). Any lifetime experience of sexual violence was significantly associated with increased odds of HIV sero positivity, even VII after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics (educational status, current non professional employment and relationship with intimate partner) and HIV risk behaviors, OR=2.95 (1.33, 6.39). Similarly broad IPV was significantly associated with increased odds of HIV sero positivity after adjustment of sociodemographic variables and participation in HIV risk behaviors, OR= 2.68 (1.10, 6.54). Women who reported child sexual assault, adult sexual assault and forced first intercourse by non-partners reported higher levels of HIV risk behavior than those who did not; and the later two were significantly associated with increased odds of HIV sero positivity. Experience of adult sexual assault by non-partners at age 15 and after is independently associated with increased odds of HIV sero positivity. Conclusion and Recommendation The study result showed us that even though biological susceptibility can make women at higher risk of HIV infection than men, they are also at increased risk of acquiring HIV infection because of their violence induced HIV risk behaviors and from HIV infected abusive male partners. Therefore intervention effort in HIV prevention need to target male sexual risk taking, condom refusal, and violent behavior, as well as working towards transformation of broader societal structures, which support female subordination and hinder women’s socioeconomic empowerment

Mental health effect of COVID-19 pandemic among women who are pregnant and/or lactating: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia, and social dysfunction among pregnant and/or lactating women and to measure the global pooled prevalence of mental health effects among these populations in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Methods: Comprehensive literature searching was conducted and studies published from 1 January 2020 to 30 September 2020 reporting the prevalence of anxiety, depression; stress, insomnia, and social dysfunctions were included. The pooled prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia, and social dysfunctions was estimated using a random-effect model. In this study, all statistical analyses were performed using STATA (version 15) software. Results: There were a total of 19 studies included in the meta-analysis, of which 16, 14, 4, 2, and 2 studies were included in computing the pooled prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia, and social dysfunction, respectively. The pooled prevalence of anxiety was 33% (95% confidence interval: 50%−61%), with significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 99.68%, p = 0.001). The pooled prevalence of depression was 27% (95% confidence interval: 9%−45%), with remarkable heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 99.29%, p = 0.001). Likewise, the pooled prevalence of stress was 56% (95% confidence interval: 30.07%−82.22%), with significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 98.8%, p = 0.0001). The pooled prevalence of social dysfunction was 24.3% (95% confidence interval: 13.41%−62.03%), with significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 97.5%, p = 0.0001) and finally, the pooled prevalence of insomnia was 33.53% (95% confidence interval: 3.05%−64.0%), with significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 99.6%, p = 0.0001). Conclusions: In this study, the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic among pregnant and lactating women were found to be significant. Stress was the most common mental health problem in these population groups. Therefore, policymakers and health planners should give great emphasis to addressing maternal mental well-being during and after this global health crisis. Maternal mental health must be one of the international and national public health priority agendas to enhance the well-being of pregnant and lactating women. Besides, giving psychological support to pregnant and lactating women may reduce the long-term negative effects of this pandemic. </jats:sec

Emotional responses and perceived stressors of frontline medical staffs in case of COVID-19 treatment centers and obstetrics emergency in Ethiopia

Abstract Background the rapid spread of COVID-19, its lethality in severe cases and the absence of specific medicine poses a huge threat to human life and health, as well as huge impact on the mental health. Facing this critical situation, health care workers on the front line who are directly involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with COVID-19 are at risk of developing psychological distress and other mental health symptoms including emotional disturbance. Objective the aim of this study will be to assess the current state of emotional responses and perceived stressors of frontline medical staffs in case of Addis Ababa COVID-19 Treatment Centers and obstetrics emergency and abortion care, Ethiopia 2020. Methods Hospital based comparative cross-section study design was conducted by using self-administered questionnaire survey from June 1st to 30th of 2020 among 133 and 266 frontline medical staffs from obstetric emergency and abortion care clinic and COVID-19 treatment centers respectively. The data were collected after getting written consent from each participant and it entered into the computer using Epi-data version 7, then exported to SPSS version 20 for further analysis. Descriptive analysis was done using frequencies &amp; percent. All independent determinants with P-value &lt; 0.05 were used to identify important predictors of emotional responses and perceived stressors. Result A total of 399 frontline medical staffs were included in the study. The mean age of the respondents of those who were working in obstetrics emergency and abortion care clinic was 27.47 (SD, 3.46) years and it was 28.12 (SD, 4.09) years for the other groups. This study revealed that, 72.9 and 5.6% of the study participant from obstetrics emergency and abortion clinic and COVID-19 treatment centers had a positive emotional response, respectively. Factors such as having a low level of motivational factors (AOR 2.78, 95% CI (1.13, 6.84)), being a nurse (AOR 10.53, 95% CI (1.31, 85.26)) and working at triage (AOR 8.61, 95% CI (1.15, 64.81))) had statistically significant association with negative emotional response. Conclusion The current study revealed that a high proportion of front line a negative emotional responses had negative emotional response. Further, almost all of the medical staffs working in COVID-19 treatment centers and at obstetrics emergency and abortion care unit had perceived the outbreak related stressors. So, providing comprehensive psychological support is warranted for health care providers working in such kinds of department or units. </jats:sec