Turn-turn short circuit fault management in permanent magnet machines

This paper presents a systematic study on turn-turn short circuit fault and ways to manage them to provide a basis for comparison of the various options available. The possible methods to reduce the likelihood of the winding SC fault and the fault mitigation techniques related to such faults are discussed. A Finite Element (FE) analysis of a surface-mount Permanent Magnet (PM) machine under application of different mitigation techniques during a turn-turn fault is presented. Both machine and drive structural adaptations for different fault mitigation techniques are addressed. Amongst the investigated fault mitigation techniques, the most promising solution is identified and validated experimentally. It is shown that the shorting terminal method adopting vertical winding arrangement is an effective method in terms of the implementation, reliability and weight

Optical fibre sensing: A solution for industry

Optical fibres have been explored widely for their sensing capability to meet increasing industrial needs, building on their success in telecommunications. This paper provides a review of research activities at City University of London in response to industrial challenges through the development of a range of fibre Bragg grating (FBG)-based sensors for transportation structural monitoring. For marine propellers, arrays of FBGs mapped onto the surface of propeller blades allow for capturing vibrational modes, with reference to simulation data. The research funded by EU Cleansky programme enables the development of self-sensing electric motor drives to support 'More Electric Aircraft' concept. The partnership with Faiveley Brecknell Willis in the UK enables the integration of FBG sensors into the railway current-collecting pantographs for real-time condition monitoring when they are operating under 25kV conditions

Integrated motor drives: state of the art and future trends

With increased need for high power density, high efficiency and high temperature capabilities in Aerospace and Automotive applications, Integrated Motor Drives (IMD) offers a potential solution. However, close physical integration of the converter and the machine may also lead to an increase in components temperature. This requires careful mechanical, structural and thermal analysis; and design of the IMD system. This paper reviews existing IMD technologies and their thermal effects on the IMD system. The effects of the power electronics (PE) position on the IMD system and its respective thermal management concepts are also investigated. The challenges faced in designing and manufacturing of an IMD along with the mechanical and structural impacts of close physical integration is also discussed and potential solutions are provided. Potential converter topologies for an IMD like the Matrix converter, 2-level Bridge, 3-level NPC and Multiphase full bridge converters are also reviewed. Wide band gap devices like SiC and GaN and their packaging in power modules for IMDs are also discussed. Power modules components and packaging technologies are also presented

Eccentric position diagnosis of static eccentricity fault of external rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor as an in-wheel motor

© 2020 Institution of Engineering and Technology. All rights reserved. An eccentric position diagnosis method of static eccentricity (SE) fault of external rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (ER-PMSM) is presented. Firstly, an analytical model of no-load radial magnetic field of ER-PMSM is established. Analytical models of no-load Back-EMF of both unit motors and the whole motor are carried out and are verified by finite element method (FEM) and experimental measurements. Then, the influences of SE ratio, SE circumferential angle, winding distribution mode and number of parallel branches on no-load radial magnetic field and no-load Back-EMF are analyzed based on these analytical models. The results show that SE does not affect the frequency characteristics of no-load radial magnetic field, but changes space order characteristics. On one hand, for ER-PMSM, of which the number of unit motors is equal to 1, SE causes no-load Back-EMF distortion. On the other hand, for ER-PMSM, of which the number of unit motors is greater than 1, SE does not affect no-load Back-EMF of the whole motor, but it still leads to no-load Back-EMF distortion of unit motors. Therefore, based on total harmonic distortion (THD) of no-load Back-EMF of unit motor, a projection method of intersection lines for SE fault diagnosis of ER-PMSM is proposed finally

System-wide approaches to antimicrobial therapy and antimicrobial resistance in the UK: the AMR-X framework

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens human, animal, and environmental health. Acknowledging the urgency of addressing AMR, an opportunity exists to extend AMR action-focused research beyond the confines of an isolated biomedical paradigm. An AMR learning system, AMR-X, envisions a national network of health systems creating and applying optimal use of antimicrobials on the basis of their data collected from the delivery of routine clinical care. AMR-X integrates traditional AMR discovery, experimental research, and applied research with continuous analysis of pathogens, antimicrobial uses, and clinical outcomes that are routinely disseminated to practitioners, policy makers, patients, and the public to drive changes in practice and outcomes. AMR-X uses connected data-to-action systems to underpin an evaluation framework embedded in routine care, continuously driving implementation of improvements in patient and population health, targeting investment, and incentivising innovation. All stakeholders co-create AMR-X, protecting the public from AMR by adapting to continuously evolving AMR threats and generating the information needed for precision patient and population care

3D lumped parameter thermal network for wound-field synchronous generators

This paper proposes a 3D lumped parameter thermal network capable of estimating the temperature distribution in classical, salient-pole wound-field synchronous generators. The developed 3D lumped parameter thermal network can be used for the thermal design and/or analysis of any wound-field synchronous generator geometry, thus offering certain degrees of flexibility.As the accurate estimation of the loss distribution is critical for the accuracy of the proposed 3D lumped parameter thermal network, an electromagnetic finite element model is used in this paper as loss determination tool for an off-the-shelf 400 kVA generator considered as a case study. The simulated losses are validated against experimental measurements to safely include them in the developed network. Finally, the stator and rotor temperatures evaluated through the 3D lumped parameter thermal network are also validated by comparing them against experimental results

A critical review on thermal management technologies for motors in electric cars

The development of electric cars has well been regarded as a major solution for tackling the challenges of carbonneutrality faced by the modern communities. Electric motor is certainly the core and most important components of an electric car, and the thermal management for electric motors has drawn increasing attention from both industry and academic society. This is because electric motors in modern electric cars are required to be more powerful and competitive with higher torque, higher speed and higher power density, therefore the efficient thermal management has become essential to maintain the motors efficiency, durability and safety. The failure of thermal management will result in demagnetization of magnets, aging of the insulation materials, decrease of efficiency, shorter lifetime and even burnout of motors. To enlighten the future research, in this paper, both the theoretical modeling and experimental investigations of the latest thermal management methods are reviewed. The state-of-the-art of various thermal management techniques, including air cooling (natural and forced air cooling, air impingement cooling) and liquid cooling (water/oil jacket cooling, jet impingement cooling, spray cooling, immersion cooling, slot channel forced convection cooling) for the stator, winding and rotor are critically presented. Meanwhile, heat transfer enhancement methods by conduction based on potting materials, thermal paste, heat guides, PCMs and heat pipes are highlighted. Following that, hybrid thermal management technologies to address extreme conditions are also discussed. In the last section, some suggestions are given for future possible research and applications. The paper is expected to be a good reference and inspiration for the development of new thermal management concepts of electric motors