Quantum Algorithm Implementations for Beginners

As quantum computers become available to the general public, the need has arisen to train a cohort of quantum programmers, many of whom have been developing classical computer programs for most of their careers. While currently available quantum computers have less than 100 qubits, quantum computing hardware is widely expected to grow in terms of qubit count, quality, and connectivity. This review aims to explain the principles of quantum programming, which are quite different from classical programming, with straightforward algebra that makes understanding of the underlying fascinating quantum mechanical principles optional. We give an introduction to quantum computing algorithms and their implementation on real quantum hardware. We survey 20 different quantum algorithms, attempting to describe each in a succinct and self-contained fashion. We show how these algorithms can be implemented on IBM's quantum computer, and in each case, we discuss the results of the implementation with respect to differences between the simulator and the actual hardware runs. This article introduces computer scientists, physicists, and engineers to quantum algorithms and provides a blueprint for their implementations

Energy Efficient Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks using EASSR

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of a large quantity of small and low cost sensor nodes powered by small non rechargeable batteries and furnish with various sensing devices. The cluster-based technique is one of the good perspectives to reduce energy consumption in WSNs. The lifetime of WSNs is maximized by using the uniform cluster location and balancing the network loading between the clusters. We have reviewed various energy efficient schemes apply in WSNs of which we concerted on clustering approach. So, in this paper we have discussed about few existing energy efficient clustering techniques and proposed an Energy Aware Sleep Scheduling Routing (EASSR) scheme for WSN in which some nodes are usually put to sleep to conserve energy, and this helps to prolong the network lifetime. EASSR selects a node as a cluster head if its residual energy is more than system average energy and have low energy consumption rate in existing round. The efforts of this scheme are, increase of network stability period, and minimize loss of sensed data. Performance analysis and compared statistic results show that EASSR has significant improvement over existing methods in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime and data units gathered at BS

HIV-1 cellular and tissue replication patterns in infected humanized mice.

Humanized mice have emerged as a testing platform for HIV-1 pathobiology by reflecting natural human disease processes. Their use to study HIV-1 biology, virology, immunology, pathogenesis and therapeutic development has served as a robust alternative to more-well developed animal models for HIV/AIDS. A critical component in reflecting such human pathobiology rests in defining the tissue and cellular sites for HIV-1 infection. To this end, we examined the tissue sites for viral infection in bone marrow, blood, spleens, liver, gut, brain, kidney and lungs of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell engrafted virus-infected NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid) Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/SzJ mice. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and sorted from species mixtures defined as CD34+ lineage negative progenitor cells, CD14+CD16+ monocyte-macrophages and central, stem cell and effector memory T cells. The cell distribution and viral life cycle were found dependent on the tissue compartment and time of infection. Cell subsets contained HIV-1 total and integrated DNA as well as multi-spliced and unspliced RNA in divergent proportions. The data support the idea that humanized mice can provide a means to examine the multifaceted sites of HIV-1 replication including, but not limited to progenitor cells and monocyte-macrophages previously possible only in macaques and human

MEKANISME HOST AGENT RELATIONSHIP PADA INTERAKSI STREPTOCOCCUS SUIS

Streptococcus suis adalah bakteri patogen gram positif yang menyebabkan berbagai penyakit pada manusia dan hewan, terutama pada babi. Infeksi ini pertama kali diidentifikasi pada tahun 1954 dan kini telah dilaporkan di lebih dari 30 negara. Di Asia, khususnya, terjadi peningkatan kasus yang signifikan akibat konsumsi produk babi yang tidak matang. Streptococcus suis dapat menyebabkan meningitis, endokarditis, dan sepsis pada manusia melalui kontak langsung dengan babi terinfeksi atau konsumsi daging babi yang terkontaminasi.  Penelitian  ini  bertujuan  untuk menganalisis  artikel  dari berbagai jurnal  agar  dapat memberikan informasi yang terpercaya mengenai mekanisme host agent relationship pada interaksi Streptococcus suis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literatur review. Pencarian literatur diperoleh secara daring melalui database Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, dan Pubmed. Kriteria inklusi yang digunakan sebagai berikut, free full text, subjek penelitian adalah publikasi jurnal dari tahun 2000 sampai dengan 2023,  diterbitkan  dalam  Bahasa  Indonesia  atau  Inggris, dan artikel dipilih  berdasarkan  relevansi. Berdasarkan jurnal – jurnal tersebut diketahui bahwa Streptococcus suis memiliki sejumlah faktor virulensi seperti polisakarida kapsular, protein faktor ekstraseluler, dan toksin suilysin yang berperan dalam invasi dan penghindaran dari sistem imun inang. Faktor-faktor seperti protein permukaan, enzim bakteri, dan interaksi dengan protein inang memainkan peran penting dalam mekanisme adhesi dan invasi Streptococcus suis. Adaptasi bakteri terhadap kondisi nutrisi dan imunologis dalam tubuh inang, serta penghindaran dari fagositosis oleh sistem imun, adalah kunci keberhasilan patogen ini dalam menyebabkan infeksi yang serius dan fatal

HIV-1 cellular and tissue replication patterns in infected humanized mice.

Humanized mice have emerged as a testing platform for HIV-1 pathobiology by reflecting natural human disease processes. Their use to study HIV-1 biology, virology, immunology, pathogenesis and therapeutic development has served as a robust alternative to more-well developed animal models for HIV/AIDS. A critical component in reflecting such human pathobiology rests in defining the tissue and cellular sites for HIV-1 infection. To this end, we examined the tissue sites for viral infection in bone marrow, blood, spleens, liver, gut, brain, kidney and lungs of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell engrafted virus-infected NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid) Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/SzJ mice. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and sorted from species mixtures defined as CD34+ lineage negative progenitor cells, CD14+CD16+ monocyte-macrophages and central, stem cell and effector memory T cells. The cell distribution and viral life cycle were found dependent on the tissue compartment and time of infection. Cell subsets contained HIV-1 total and integrated DNA as well as multi-spliced and unspliced RNA in divergent proportions. The data support the idea that humanized mice can provide a means to examine the multifaceted sites of HIV-1 replication including, but not limited to progenitor cells and monocyte-macrophages previously possible only in macaques and human

MEKANISME SISTEM IMUN TERHADAP INFEKSI BAKTERI ESCHERICHIA COLI PADA SALURAN KEMIH

Bakteri Escherichia coli (E. coli) merupakan salah satu penyebab utama infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) yang dapat mempengaruhi pria dan wanita dari berbagai usia. Penyakit ini dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup pasien secara signifikan dan sering memerlukan penanganan medis, terutama jika berkembang menjadi pielonefritis atau sepsis. Artikel ini menjelaskan dua mekanisme utama sistem kekebalan tubuh dalam melawan infeksi E. coli di saluran kemih, yaitu respons imun bawaan (innate) dan adaptif.  Respons imun bawaan bertindak sebagai pertahanan pertama, melibatkan sel-sel fagosit seperti neutrofil dan makrofag yang bekerja sama dengan sitokin pro-inflamasi (seperti IL-1, IL-6, dan IL-8) yang diproduksi oleh sel epitel kandung kemih. Sel-sel ini berperan penting dalam merekrut dan mengaktifkan komponen imun lainnya untuk membatasi penyebaran infeksi. Di sisi lain, respons imun adaptif melibatkan sel B dan sel T yang memproduksi antibodi spesifik terhadap antigen E. coli, memberikan perlindungan jangka panjang dan mengeliminasi infeksi secara lebih efektif.  Respons imun adaptif ini dapat diperkuat melalui vaksinasi, yang dalam penelitian praklinis menunjukkan potensi dalam memicu pembentukan antibodi spesifik terhadap komponen antigenik E. coli. Penelitian ini disusun menggunakan metode tinjauan literatur yang mencakup studi in vitro, in vivo, dan uji klinis yang relevan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang mekanisme imun tubuh pada ISK membuka peluang untuk pengembangan vaksin yang efektif, yang dapat menjadi solusi pencegahan jangka panjang bagi pasien berisiko tinggi terkena ISK

A mature macrophage is a principal HIV-1 cellular reservoir in humanized mice after treatment with long acting antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Despite improved clinical outcomes seen following antiretroviral therapy (ART), resting CD4+ T cells continue to harbor latent human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1). However, such cells are not likely the solitary viral reservoir and as such defining where and how others harbor virus is imperative for eradication measures. To such ends, we used HIV-1ADA-infected NOD.Cg-Prkdc (scid) Il2rg (tm1Wjl) /SzJ mice reconstituted with a human immune system to explore two long-acting ART regimens investigating their abilities to affect viral cell infection and latency. At 6 weeks of infection animals were divided into four groups. One received long-acting (LA) cabotegravir (CAB) and rilpivirine (RVP) (2ART), a second received LA CAB, lamivudine, abacavir and RVP (4ART), a third were left untreated and a fourth served as an uninfected control. After 4 weeks of LA ART treatment, blood, spleen and bone marrow (BM) cells were collected then phenotypically characterized. CD4+ T cell subsets, macrophages and hematopoietic progenitor cells were analyzed for HIV-1 nucleic acids by droplet digital PCR. RESULTS: Plasma viral loads were reduced by two log10 or to undetectable levels in the 2 and 4ART regimens, respectively. Numbers and distributions of CD4+ memory and regulatory T cells, macrophages and hematopoietic progenitor cells were significantly altered by HIV-1 infection and by both ART regimens. ART reduced viral DNA and RNA in all cell and tissue compartments. While memory cells were the dominant T cell reservoir, integrated HIV-1 DNA was also detected in the BM and spleen macrophages in both regimen-treated mice. CONCLUSION: Despite vigorous ART regimens, HIV-1 DNA and RNA were easily detected in mature macrophages supporting their potential role as an infectious viral reservoir

Genome-Wide Association Study of Retinopathy in Individuals without Diabetes

10.1371/journal.pone.0054232PLoS ONE82

Circadian period and the timing of melatonin onset in men and women: Predictors of sleep during the weekend and in the laboratory

Sleep complaints and irregular sleep patterns, such as curtailed sleep during workdays and longer and later sleep during weekends, are common. It is often implied that differences in circadian period and in entrained phase contribute to these patterns, but few data are available. We assessed parameters of the circadian rhythm of melatonin at baseline and in a forced desynchrony protocol in 35 participants (18 women) with no sleep disorders. Circadian period varied between 23 h 50 min and 24 h 31 min, and correlated positively (n = 31, rs = 0.43, P = 0.017) with the timing of the melatonin rhythm relative to habitual bedtime. The phase of the melatonin rhythm correlated with the Insomnia Severity Index (n = 35, rs = 0.47, P = 0.004). Self-reported time in bed during free days also correlated with the timing of the melatonin rhythm (n = 35, rs = 0.43, P = 0.01) as well as with the circadian period (n = 31, rs = 0.47, P = 0.007), such that individuals with a more delayed melatonin rhythm or a longer circadian period reported longer sleep during the weekend. The increase in time in bed during the free days correlated positively with circadian period (n = 31, rs = 0.54, P = 0.002). Polysomnographically assessed latency to persistent sleep (n = 34, rs = 0.48, P = 0.004) correlated with the timing of the melatonin rhythm when participants were sleeping at their habitual bedtimes in the laboratory. This correlation was significantly stronger in women than in men (Z = 2.38, P = 0.017). The findings show that individual differences in circadian period and phase of the melatonin rhythm associate with differences in sleep, and suggest that individuals with a long circadian period may be at risk of developing sleep problems

Pharmacodynamics of folic acid receptor targeted antiretroviral nanotherapy in HIV-1-infected humanized mice.

Long-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) can sustain plasma drug levels and improve its biodistribution. Cell targeted-nanoART can achieve this and bring drug efficiently to viral reservoirs. However, whether such improvements affect antiretroviral responses remains unknown. To these ends, we tested folic acid (FA)-linked poloxamer407-coated ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (FA-nanoATV/r) nanoparticles for their ability to affect chronic HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. Following three, 100mg/kg FA-nanoATV/r intramuscular injections administered every other week to infected animals, viral RNA was at or below the detection limit, cell-associated HIV-1p24 reduced and CD4+ T cell counts protected. The dosing regimen improved treatment outcomes more than two fold from untargeted nanoATV/r. We posit that these nanoformulations have potential for translation to human use