Los movimientos campesinos en el México Colonial: estudio comparativo de su interpretación por historiadores norteamericanos

Págs. 235-25

The University of Tokyo forests and forest science education in Japan

In-forest teaching is a vital element of forest science education at university level, and university forests play a critical role in this. In Japan, the University of Tokyo (UTokyo) owns the oldest university forest, which was established in 1894. This paper outlines how the University of Tokyo Forests (UTF) provide in-forest education for forest science. The UTF consist of seven branch stations with a total area of over 32,000 ha. Third- and fourth-year undergraduate students majoring in forest science attend field courses in these forests. Same undergraduate and graduate students are affiliated with the UTF, where they conduct field studies for their graduate theses. Since 2005, the UTF have expanded their educational activities by offering university-wide hands-on experience seminars with field experience for first- and second-year undergraduate students, although these courses are open to all students studying at UTokyo

The Political Economy of an Indian Rebellion in Colonial Mexico: The Case of Tlalmanalco, Chalco Region, in 1774

Historians studying Mexican Indian village communities under colonial rule have recognized that Indian rebellions are one of the keys to understanding their ways of living and thinking. William Taylor was the first to realize the importance of Indian rebellions. Having systematically analyzed a large number of cases, he postulated a set of general characteristics which he attributed to the Indian communityoriented mentality. In other words, he explained the frequency of Indian rebellions in colonial Mexico in terms of community autonomy and solidarity, which he thought derived from the mentality of the Indians. Since Taylor's study was published in 1979 there has been discussion about whether his model has general validity in time and space. Eric Van Young, in trying to revise it, has given more importance to the increasing economic inequality in the interior of Indian village communities during the second half of the 18th century. He argues that rebellions served to repair community solidarity in jeopardy by displacing accumulated internal tensions toward external targets. In my opinion, Van Young has contributed considerably to our understanding of Indian rebellions by locating them in a more precise historical context, in contrast to Taylor's static model. But Van Young has approached rebellions in the same manner as Taylor in two points. First,both have aimed to generalize about Indian rebellions after analyzing many cases, without paying much attention to the particular circumstances under which each rebellion evolved. Second, each of them started from the supposition that the Indian village community was a "closed corporate community" characterized by communal landholding , limited membership, and an egalitarian way of thinking, and they were not so much concerned with how particular communities deviated from such a supposition. In this article, avoiding such a generalizing approach, I will focus my analysis on the case of the Indian rebellion of 1774 in Tlalmanalco (Chalco region) . My aim is to make clear the concrete historical processes which led villagers to take such a recourse. On the other hand, I will start the analysis without any a priori model of the Indian village community. Contrary to Taylor and Van Young, I will reconstruct village life in the light of the facts revealed in archival sources referring to the rebellion, putting emphasis on the community's internal economy and politics as well as on its relationships with the outer world. The main part of this article consists of three sections. The first describes some transformations which central Mexican Indian society suffered after the Spanish Conquest, for the purpose of situating the Tlalmanalco rebellion in a historical perspective of longue dui*. In the second, I will describe as concretely as possible how this rebellion evolved and what happened to the community after its apparent abortion, revealing community political conflicts and some external actors' intervention in them. Also it will become clear that the entire community did not participate in the rebellion, but only a small fraction. In the third section, I intend to explain how internal politics and external intervention influenced the course of the rebellion, throwing light on the agrarian problems of the Chalco region that Indian village communities suffered during the second half of the 18th century, as well as on the impacts of the Bourbon reforms introduced by Jose de Galvez to the rural society of the region. In this way it will become clear that the Tlalmanalco rebellion cannot be interpreted only in terms of Indian community- oriented mentality, but that also its relation to the political economy of the community and the external world at that epoch must be considered. In the final part, I will indicate some problems that need to be examined more profoundly in the future.departmental bulletin pape

A study on the scattering exposure dose in radiotherapy.

現代の医療のなかで癌治療において不可欠な存在となった放射線治療｡一方,放射線被曝はたとえわずかであってもリスクが伴い,厳しく規制されている｡ただし医療被曝はこの限りになく,過去においては癌患者に放射線治療をおこなう際の患部以外の被曝についてはあまり問題視されなかった｡これには癌の治療という前提に加え,長期生存の可能性が低く,存命中に晩発障害が発生することが低いと考えられていたからである｡しかし,集学的治療が確立した今後の放射線治療においては完治する放射線治療患者が多くなり,治癒後の余命が長くなることが予測される｡放射線被曝による確率的影響は閾値がなく,影響は当然現れるであろう｡そこで,放射線治療をおこなう際の患者の散乱線被曝線量,治療室内散乱線量,さらに高エネルギー放射線発生装置を取り扱うときに問題となっている中性子を測定した｡その結果,測定線量は治療患部外被曝,室内散乱線量ともに無視できない量であることがわかった｡中性子については,人体に影響がある線量は検出されなかったが,中性子の存在は室内物品の放射化の可能性を示唆するもので定期的な測定管理が必要である｡また,Ⅹ線撮影室用の防護衣による散乱線被曝の低減効果は放射線治療室では無意味であった｡In modern medicine, radiotherapy has proved indispensable in the treatment of cancer. However. radiation exposure is a health hazard. and is thus strictly regulated. In the past, incidental exposure was not considered to pose a considerable risk, and because radiotherapy was an effective treatment for cancer and because the possibility of the long-term survival was generally poor, the prevalence of radiation injury was thought to be low. In recent years, however, more patients are making complete recoveries, and it is believed that long-term survival is possible with future radiotherapy techniques. There is no threshold for the stochastic effects of radiation exposure, and thus such effects may be detected even at low levels. In the present study, we measured the radiation exposure due to scattered rays from the patient, incidental radiation levels in the radiotherapy room, and levels of neutron radiation. which is a problem when high-energy X-ray radiotherapy systems are used. The results showed that exposure due to scattered rays and incidental levels in the radiotherapy room cannot be dismissed. and that further investigation is warranted. As for neutron radiation, dosages were below those that are known to influence the human body, but regular measurement is necessary because it may induce radioactivity in otherwise benign equipment. In addition, a protective apron had no effect on the exposure due to scattered rays in the radiotherapy room

Internal Radiation Exposure Dose in Iwaki City, Fukushima Prefecture after the Accident at Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant

As a result of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) on 11 March 2011, a huge amount of radionuclides, including radiocesium, was released and spread over a wide area of eastern Japan. Although three years have passed since the accident, residents around the FNPP are anxious about internal radiation exposure due to radiocesium. In this study, we screened internal radiation exposure doses in Iwaki city of Fukushima prefecture, using a whole-body counter. The first screening was conducted from October 2012 to February 2013, and the second screening was conducted from May to November 2013. Study participants were employees of ALPINE and their families who underwent examination. A total of 2,839 participants (1,366 men and 1,473 women, 1-86 years old) underwent the first screening, and 2,092 (1,022 men and 1,070 women, 1-86 years old) underwent the second screening. The results showed that 99% of subjects registered below 300 Bq per body in the first screening, and all subjects registered below 300 Bq per body in the second screening. The committed effective dose ranged from 0.01-0.06 mSv in the first screening and 0.01-0.02 mSv in the second screening. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to avoid unnecessary chronic internal exposure and to reduce anxiety among the residents by communicating radiation health risks

El imperio español como espacio de intersecciones: algunas consideraciones sobre los mestizajes culturales y lo político en el México del siglo XVIII

Extenso y cuidadoso trabajo de las interacciones producidas por las condiciones determinantes de la política monárquica y el mestizaje cultural novohispano, que eran muy peculiares al imperio español del siglo XVIII. En el artículo se procura dilucidar los mecanismos por los que la política local en la vida cotidiana de la Nueva España del Siglo de las Luces se conectaba con la política global del imperio español. Aunque se analizan varios ejemplos de estas interacciones entre los casos locales y la política imperial, destaca entre ellos el de una disputa entre una vecina española y una curandera o yerbera indígena en Uruapan, Michoacán, donde se aprecia el mestizaje cultural con todas sus asimetrías

森づくりを見据えた住宅生産システムのあり方 : 地域材を使うこと

University of Tokyo (東京大学