Effect of potassium application on yield and quality of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) on coarse textured soils of southern Haryana

59-63Crops need large quantity of potassium for enhancing their yield as well as quality. Pulses are important crops grown in India but their productivity is low. Among production inputs, recommendations for N and P fertilizers are made in most states with no K application resulting in imbalanced nutrient supply and lower crop yields.To quantify optimum dose for green gram ( Vigna radiata L.), a series of field experiments were conducted at Regional Research Station, CCS HAU, Bawal, Haryana, to assess the response of green gram to fertilizer potassium on coarse textured (Typic Haplustepts) soils of southern Haryana. After completion of research trials, crop was tested on farmer’s field through demonstrations and on farm trials (OFTs) to evaluate the response and adoptability of green gram as per the fertilizer potassium doses concluded in research experiment. Five levels of fertilizer potassium (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg K2O ha-1) were evaluated for the response of green gram in randomized block design replicated thrice. The results of research trials revealed that the yield, protein content and growth parameters of green gram increased significantly with the application of fertilizer potassium @20 kg K2O ha-1. Significantly higher yield of green gram was recorded (5.87, 16.29, 19.23 and 22.36 %) due to application of 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg K2O ha-1, respectively over control. The total K uptake by green gram increased significantly with the incremental doses of potassium application which helped to prevent the depletion of available soil K and build-up its content in the soil. The mean K use efficiency varied from 38.30 to 54.15 and maximum (54.15 %) was recorded with the application of 20 kg K2O ha-1. The benefit cost ratio was also increased with the application of potassium and reflected in terms of additional returns per rupee (Rs. 10.94, 15.63, 12.17 and 10.72) invested on application of K @ 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg K2O ha-1, respectively. The farmer’s field trial results with 0 and 20 kg K2O ha-1 revealed that application of 20 kg K2O ha-1 increased the yield of green gram by 10.87% over control

A novel approach towards therapeutic optimization of diclofenac

Con objeto de obtener compuestos con menor toxicidad gástrica que el diclofenaco, se sintetizaron yevaluaron cinco ésteres derivados aminoetílicos N,N-sustituidos derivados del diclofenaco. Estos ésteresse diseñaron para satisfacer el requisito estructural de disponer de una actividad anticolinérgica intactaantes de la separación. Además de bloquear el grupo carboxilo ácido mediante esterificación, estaactividad se incorporó a los ésteres sintetizados, con el beneficio adicional esperado de la reducción dela secreción de ácido gástrico y la consecuente eliminación de la irritación local mediante un mecanismodual. En este estudio se describen la síntesis, la cinética de la hidrólisis y la actividad biológica de estosésteres. Todos los derivados de éster permanecieron estables en tampones de pH 2,0 y 7,4 durante unperíodo de tiempo suficiente, lo que aseguró su absorción en estado intacto y la eliminación de lairritación gástrica local producida por el fármaco principal. Se observó una rápida hidrólisis enzimáticade todos los derivados en un 80% de suero humano combinado. Se descubrió que los ésteres sintetizadosposeían la actividad anticolinérgica propuesta. Se mantuvo la actividad antiinflamatoria en la mayoría delos compuestos y se logró una significativa reducción del potencial ulcerogénico en comparación con eldiclofenaco.In an effort for obtaining compounds with lower gastric toxicity than diclofenac, five different N,Ndisubstitutedaminoethylester derivatives of diclofenac were synthesized and evaluated. These esterswere designed so as to satisfy the structural requirement for them to possess the anticholinergic activityin intact form before cleavage. Besides blocking the acidic carboxyl group by esterification this activitywas incorporated into the synthesized esters with an expected additional benefit of having reduced gastricacid secretion and thereby abolishing the local irritation by a dual mechanism. This report describes thesynthesis, hydrolysis kinetics and the biological activity of these esters. All the ester derivatives werefound to be stable in buffers (pH 2.0 and 7.4) for sufficient time period, assuring them to be absorbedintact and to successfully overcome the local gastric irritation of the parent drug. A fast enzymatichydrolysis was observed for all the derivatives in 80% pooled human serum. The synthesized esters werefound to possess the proposed anticholinergic activity. The anti-inflammatory activity for most of thecompounds was retained with a significant reduction in the ulcerogenic potential compared to diclofenac

Una nueva aproximación a la optimización terapéutica del diclofenaco

In an effort for obtaining compounds with lower gastric toxicity than diclofenac, five different N,Ndisubstitutedaminoethylester derivatives of diclofenac were synthesized and evaluated. These esterswere designed so as to satisfy the structural requirement for them to possess the anticholinergic activityin intact form before cleavage. Besides blocking the acidic carboxyl group by esterification this activitywas incorporated into the synthesized esters with an expected additional benefit of having reduced gastricacid secretion and thereby abolishing the local irritation by a dual mechanism. This report describes thesynthesis, hydrolysis kinetics and the biological activity of these esters. All the ester derivatives werefound to be stable in buffers (pH 2.0 and 7.4) for sufficient time period, assuring them to be absorbedintact and to successfully overcome the local gastric irritation of the parent drug. A fast enzymatichydrolysis was observed for all the derivatives in 80% pooled human serum. The synthesized esters werefound to possess the proposed anticholinergic activity. The anti-inflammatory activity for most of thecompounds was retained with a significant reduction in the ulcerogenic potential compared to diclofenac.Con objeto de obtener compuestos con menor toxicidad gástrica que el diclofenaco, se sintetizaron yevaluaron cinco ésteres derivados aminoetílicos N,N-sustituidos derivados del diclofenaco. Estos ésteresse diseñaron para satisfacer el requisito estructural de disponer de una actividad anticolinérgica intactaantes de la separación. Además de bloquear el grupo carboxilo ácido mediante esterificación, estaactividad se incorporó a los ésteres sintetizados, con el beneficio adicional esperado de la reducción dela secreción de ácido gástrico y la consecuente eliminación de la irritación local mediante un mecanismodual. En este estudio se describen la síntesis, la cinética de la hidrólisis y la actividad biológica de estosésteres. Todos los derivados de éster permanecieron estables en tampones de pH 2,0 y 7,4 durante unperíodo de tiempo suficiente, lo que aseguró su absorción en estado intacto y la eliminación de lairritación gástrica local producida por el fármaco principal. Se observó una rápida hidrólisis enzimáticade todos los derivados en un 80% de suero humano combinado. Se descubrió que los ésteres sintetizadosposeían la actividad anticolinérgica propuesta. Se mantuvo la actividad antiinflamatoria en la mayoría delos compuestos y se logró una significativa reducción del potencial ulcerogénico en comparación con eldiclofenaco

Policy of foreign direct investment liberalisation in India: implications for retail sector

This study has analysed the impact of liberalisation of Indian economy and FDI policy on the retail sector since its implementation in the 1990s. It also further analyses sub-categories by investigating its impact on the unorganised retail sector and the flow of FDI in single-brand retail and multi-brand retail sectors. A comprehensive and critical review of the existing evidence on the subject was carried out, and descriptive statistical analysis of data from 1991 to 2013 was performed which leads to conclude that the policy of FDI liberalisation has proved to provide diversification and sustainable development to the Indian economy and specifically retail sector which is considered to be one of the significant pillars of economy. Furthermore, for continuous growth of the economy, it seems vital to encourage more investment in other sectors by liberalising the restrictive policies

A Proteomic Approach to Study the Effect of Thiotaurine on Human Neutrophil Activation

Thiotaurine, a thiosulfonate related to taurine and hypotaurine, is formed by a metabolic process from cystine and generated by a transulfuration reaction between hypotaurine and thiocysteine. Thiotaurine can produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from its sulfane sulfur moiety. H2S is a gaseous signaling molecule which can have regulatory roles in inflammatory process. In addition, sulfane sulfur displays the capacity to reversibly bind to other sulfur atoms. Thiotaurine inhibits PMA-induced activation of human neutrophils, and hinders neutrophil spontaneous apoptosis. Here, we present the results of a proteomic approach to study the possible effects of thiotaurine at protein expression level. Proteome analysis of human neutrophils has been performed comparing protein extracts of resting or PMA-activated neutrophils in presence or in absence of thiotaurine. In particular, PMA-stimulated neutrophils showed high level of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression compared to the level of the same glycolytic enzyme in the resting neutrophils. Conversely, decreased expression of GAPDH has been observed when human neutrophils were incubated with 1 mM thiotaurine before activation with PMA. This result, confirmed by Western blot analysis, suggests again that thiotaurine shows a bioactive role in the mechanisms underlying the inflammatory process, influencing the energy metabolism of activated leukocytes and raises the possibility that thiotaurine, acting as a sulfur donor, could modulate neutrophil activation via persulfidation of target proteins, such as GAPDH

Fungal volatile organic compounds: emphasis on their plant growth-promoting

Fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly formed bioactive interface between plants and countless of microorganisms on the above- and below-ground plant-fungus interactions. Fungal-plant interactions symbolize intriguingly biochemical complex and challenging scenarios that are discovered by metabolomic approaches. Remarkably secondary metabolites (SMs) played a significant role in the virulence and existence with plant-fungal pathogen interaction; only 25% of the fungal gene clusters have been functionally identified, even though these numbers are too low as compared with plant secondary metabolites. The current insights on fungal VOCs are conducted under lab environments and to apply small numbers of microbes; its molecules have significant effects on growth, development, and defense system of plants. Many fungal VOCs supported dynamic processes, leading to countless interactions between plants, antagonists, and mutualistic symbionts. The fundamental role of fungal VOCs at field level is required for better understanding, so more studies will offer further constructive scientific evidences that can show the cost-effectiveness of ecofriendly and ecologically produced fungal VOCs for crop welfare

Cytochrome c Reduction by H2S Potentiates Sulfide Signaling.

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from American Chemical Society via the DOI in this record.Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced gas that is toxic at high concentrations. It is eliminated by a dedicated mitochondrial sulfide oxidation pathway, which connects to the electron transfer chain at the level of complex III. Direct reduction of cytochrome c (Cyt C) by H2S has been reported previously but not characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that reduction of ferric Cyt C by H2S exhibits hysteretic behavior, which suggests the involvement of reactive sulfur species in the reduction process and is consistent with a reaction stoichiometry of 1.5 mol of Cyt C reduced/mol of H2S oxidized. H2S increases O2 consumption by human cells (HT29 and HepG2) treated with the complex III inhibitor antimycin A, which is consistent with the entry of sulfide-derived electrons at the level of complex IV. Cyt C-dependent H2S oxidation stimulated protein persulfidation in vitro, while silencing of Cyt C expression decreased mitochondrial protein persulfidation in a cell culture. Cyt C released during apoptosis was correlated with persulfidation of procaspase 9 and with loss of its activity. These results reveal a potential role for the electron transfer chain in general, and Cyt C in particular, for potentiating sulfide-based signaling.This work was supported by the French State in the frame of the “Investments for the future” Programme IdEx Bordeaux, reference ANR-10-IDEX-03-02, and by an ATIP-AVENIR grant (to M.R.F.), the National Institutes of Health (GM112455 to R.B. and R01GM113030 to M.D.P.), the Medical Research Council, UK (MR/M022706/1 to M.W.), the National Science Foundation (DGE-1309047 to A.K.S.), and the Brian Ridge Scholarship (R.T.). The authors are grateful to M.-F. Giraud for the help with purification of mitochondria

An AP-MS- and BioID-compatible MAC-tag enables comprehensive mapping of protein interactions and subcellular localizations

Protein-protein interactions govern almost all cellular functions. These complex networks of stable and transient associations can be mapped by affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) and complementary proximity-based labeling methods such as BioID. To exploit the advantages of both strategies, we here design and optimize an integrated approach combining AP-MS and BioID in a single construct, which we term MAC-tag. We systematically apply the MAC-tag approach to 18 subcellular and 3 sub-organelle localization markers, generating a molecular context database, which can be used to define a protein's molecular location. In addition, we show that combining the AP-MS and BioID results makes it possible to obtain interaction distances within a protein complex. Taken together, our integrated strategy enables the comprehensive mapping of the physical and functional interactions of proteins, defining their molecular context and improving our understanding of the cellular interactome.Peer reviewe