Constraining a spatially dependent rotation of the Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization

Following Kamionkowski (2008), a quadratic estimator of the rotation of the plane of polarization of the CMB is constructed. This statistic can estimate a spatially varying rotation angle. We use this estimator to quantify the prospects of detecting such a rotation field with forthcoming experiments. For PLANCK and CMBPol we find that the estimator containing the product of the E and B components of the polarization field is the most sensitive. The variance of this EB estimator, N(L) is roughly independent of the multipole L, and is only weakly dependent on the instrumental beam. For FWHM of the beam size ~ 5'-50', and instrument noise $\Delta_p ~ 5-50 uK-arcmin, the scaling of variance N(L) can be fitted by a power law N(L)=3.3 x 10^{-7} \Delta^2_p (FWHM)^{1.3} sq-deg. For small instrumental noise \Delta_p \leq 5 uK-arcmin, the lensing B-modes become important, saturating the variance to ~10^{-6} sq-deg even for an ideal experiment. Upcoming experiments like PLANCK will be able to detect a power spectrum of the rotation angle, C^{\alpha \alpha}(L), as small as 0.01 sq-deg, while futuristic experiment like CMBPol will be able to detect rotation angle power spectrum as small as 2.5 x 10^{-5} sq-deg. We discuss the implications of such constraints, both for the various physical effects that can rotate the polarization as photons travel from the last scattering surface as well as for constraints on instrumental systematics that can also lead to a spurious rotation signal. Rotation of the CMB polarization generates B-modes which will act as contamination for the primordial B-modes detection. We discuss an application of our estimator to de-rotate the CMB to increase the sensitivity for the primordial B-modes.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure

PLA Microparticles for Pulmonary Delivery of AntiTB drugs: Biodistribution study

A dry powder inhalable (DPI) microparticles comprising anti-tuberculosis drugs incorporated in biodegradable polymers was developed for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (P. Muttil _et al_. 2007). Poly L-lactic acid (PLA) microparticles incorporating a high payload of rifabutin and isoniazid were fabricated by spray drying (Buchi 190). Microparticles were composed of PLA and the drugs (rifabutin and isoniazid) at a 2:1:1 weight ratio. Microparticles of desired high encapsulation efficiency and sustained release characteristics were produced having a diameter range of 2-10 µm (Malvern Mastersizer 2000). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was carried out to study drug polymer interaction. The time course of tissue biodistribution following a single inhalation dose of microparticles was evaluated. 
Thirty-two BALB/c mice were divided into groups of four and administered the DPI using an in-house (nose only) apparatus (Kaur _et al_. 2008; Verma _et al_. 2008). A validated HPLC method was used for determination of rifabutin and isoniazid in the lungs (target organ), liver and kidneys (major sites of toxicity) at different time-points after inhalation. A comparison was made with mice receiving free drugs (intravenous) at equivalent doses. Deposition of microparticles in lungs of mice following aerosolization was also evaluated. Pharmacokinetic parameters in different organs were calculated using WinNonlin software version 5.2. Area under the concentration-time curve observed (AUC~obs~), C~max~, half-life (t~½~) and clearance (CL) in lungs following inhalation /intravenous administration were:
*Rifabutin*: AUC~obs~-96h= 1697.39 ±154.67 (187.63 ±23.93) µg/ml^-1^hr^-1^; C~max~ = 33.42±3.80 (4.17±0.31) µg.ml^-1^; t~½~= 78.08±9.42 (34.00 ±3.31) and Cl= 1.16±.22 (0.68 ±0.45) ml.h^-1^.
*Isoniazid*: AUC~obs~-24h= 566.31±123.96 (99.85 ±14.24) µg/ml^-1^hr^-1^; Cmax= 24.02±1.71 (8.16±0.93) µg.ml^-1^; t~½~= 25.88±12.16 (6.45±3.24) h; and Cl= 5.47±1.30 (0.96±0.14) ml.h^-1^.
The relative bioavailability of both drugs incorporated in microparticles was significantly higher compared with free drugs. Peak levels of isoniazid and rifabutin in lungs (target organ) were much higher than those in the liver and kidney of mice in case of inhalation as compared to intravenous administration. Inhalation of microparticles resulted in targeting both drugs to the lungs, with the effect being more pronounced in the case of rifabutin than isoniazid. High and prolonged drug concentrations and increased AUC values (~9-fold and ~6 fold increase of rifabutin and isoniazid in case of lungs) with respect to free drugs were observed. Significant decrease in drug concentration was found in the liver and kidneys. Drug levels were maintained above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in organs through out the study after administration of encapsulated drugs. Based on favorable biodistribution kinetics, these microparticles hold great potential in reducing dosing frequency and toxicity of antituberculosis drugs.
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Management of Hybrid Power using Micro-Controller

This paper represents optimization of power management system (PSM) for standalone micro-grid with hybrid power generation. We are going to generate hybrid power by using photovoltaic model and small wind mill. The output hybrid power is not constant and continuous therefore if in case of generation is less than load demand then by managing loads by using micro-controller. If hybrid power is reduced and micro-controller is not present then there is stress on micro-grid. Therefore there will be possibility of system failure to avoid this we are managing loads by using micro-controller. Here by managing loads we have done optimized use of generated energy. Therefore efficiency of the system increases. Renewable energy is the future of energy sector for that its management is useful in future

Demonstration of Helical Antenna Stability Beyond C-Band Frequency

The paper demonstrates design of helical antenna to achieve stable frequency response and impedance matching beyond C-band microwave frequency. An impedance matching cavity is developed for excitation of higher order modes along with the fundamental mode in the helical antenna. Triple frequency bands are resonated by loading the designed helical antenna inside the cavity and a dual band response is realized by introducing variation in feed pin height with an incremental offset of 0.1λ to the initial height which is taken as 0.2λ. The broadband gain for all the designs and a detail analysis of modes along the helical antenna loaded in rectangular cavity is reported. A highest measured bandwidth of 5.4 GHz and a peak gain of 10.65 dB is obtained. The antenna being compact and conformal in design may find its application for terrestrial, aerospace communication and personal wireless communication.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ij-ict.v2i3.486

Bank Deposits in India – Econometric Analysis of Macroeconomic Determinants

In this paper, we examined various macroeconomic determinants of bank deposits in India using monthly data for period January 2011 to December 2015. The determinants are money supply, inflation, index of industrial production, Treasury bill rate, repo rate and stock market index measured by sensex, an index of shares of thirty companies listed in Bombay Stock Exchange. ADF and Phillips-Peron tests show that all variables are first difference stationary while Trace Test find 4 co-integrating vector at 4 lags. Hence Johansen Cointegration methods indicate that there is long run relationship among the variables and the Vector Error Correction model shows a satisfactory speed of adjustment. VECM estimates showed that money supply, index of industrial production and Treasury bill rates are statistically significant at various lags with the money supply having positive impact on the amount of deposits whereas IIP and Treasury bill rate have negative impact on deposits. Granger Causality test find that only index of industrial production granger cause deposits whereas deposits granger cause both money supply and Treasury bill rates. Impulse Response Function also shows similar results. Keywords: Bank Deposits, macroeconomic determinants, Treasury bills rates, inflation, Money supply, Repo rate, Vector Error Correction Model, Granger Causality, and Impulse Response Function.