A flow paradigm in heavy-ion collisions

The success of hydrodynamics in high energy heavy-ion collisions leads to a flow paradigm, to understand the observed features of harmonic flow in terms of the medium collective expansion regarding initial state geometrical properties. In this review, we present some essential ingredients in the flow paradigm, including the hydrodynamic modeling, the characterization of initial state geometry and the medium response relations. The extension of the flow paradigm to small colliding systems is also discussed.Comment: Typo corrected, new references added. Published version for Chinese Physics

Structural and electronic properties of hybrid graphene and boron nitride nanostructures on Cu

Recently, two-dimensional nanostructures consisting of alternating graphene and boron nitride (BN) domains have been synthesized. These systems possess interesting electronic and mechanical properties, with potential applications in electronics and optical devices. Here, we perform a first-principles investigation of models of BN-C hybrid monolayers and nanoribbons deposited on the Cu(111) surface, a substrate used for their growth in said experiments. For the sake of comparison, we also consider BN and BC2N nanostructures. We show that BN and BC2N monolayers bind weakly to Cu(111), whereas monolayers with alternating domains interact strongly with the substrate at the B-C interface, due to the presence of localized interface states. This binding leads to a deformation of the monolayers and sizable n-doping. Nanoribbons exhibit a similar behaviour. Furthermore, they also interact significantly with the substrate at the edge, even in the case of passivated edges. These findings suggest a route to tune the band gap and doping level of BN-C hybrid models based on the interplay between nanostructuring and substrate-induced effects.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figure