General Properties of Propolis and its Usage in Ruminants

Propolis is a product with many benefits, honey bees produce propolis by mixing the resin substances they collect from the bark, leaves, and plant secretions of trees with honey, wax, pollen, and their salivary enzymes. They use this product for several purposes including protecting bee larvae, honey stores, and honeycombs from infections, repairing damaged areas, covering holes and cracks in the hive. It was also used in folk medicine with its antimicrobial and healing effects since ancient times. Beside these properties, with the advancements in science, various other properties of propolis like immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antiulcer, local anesthetic, cytotoxic, and many more were also discovered. When it was discovered that antibiotics create residues in foods and cause resistance in some microorganisms, the use of antibiotics in farm animals has been restricted in many countries. This led to an increase in the demand for organic products in the public and drove scientists to search for new natural alternative feed additives that can show similar effects with antibiotics in order to prevent economic losses caused by the restriction. In this study, it was aimed to discuss the effects of propolis in ruminants as a feed additive and its usability as a natural alternative to antibiotics by analyzing studies on the field

Tubifex tubifex Müller,1774 (Annelidae)'in besin kompozisyonu

Tubifeks (Tubifex tubifex Müler, 1774, Annelidae)'in besin kompozisyonu araştırılmıştır. % olarak ham protein 11.0210.58, lipit 2.14±0.06, kül 1.83±0.16 ve kuru madde 18.78±0.83 olarak saptanmıştır. Toplam yağ asidi miktarı 7.28 mg/100mg kuru ağırlık olup bunun %18'ini $omega$ -3 (C18:3n3 ve C20:5n3) ve %22'sini $omega$ -6 (C18:2n6c ve C20:4n6) serisi yağ asitleri oluşturmaktadır. C22:6n3 (DHA)'e ise rastlanmamıştır. Esansiyel amino asitlerinden en fazla bulunanı (amino asit g/100 g protein) lizin (6.54±0.12) ve lösin (6.52±0.13) olup bunu sırasıyla arjinin (5.39±0.04), valin (4.92±0.09), treonin (4.81±0.09), fenilalanin (4.36±0.09), isolösin (4.31±0.08), tiyrosin (2.74±0.07), histidin (2.67+0.03) ve metionin (1.82±0.04) izlemiştir. Total karotenoyit miktan ise 15.02±0.80 mg/kg olarak belirlenmiştir

Performance and health of dairy calves fed limited amounts of acidified milk replacer

To compare growth performance of Brown Swiss calves fed acidified milk replacer (AMR) at 8% of birth weight, 20 newborn calves were reared under a new calf-feeding programme. Body weights, total weight gains and gains in body measurements, feed intake and feed efficiency values determined at different stages of growth of AMR-fed calves were comparable to those of calves fed sweet milk replacer (SMR). Faecal consistency scores and percent days with diarrhoea of calves offered AMR from four to 35 days of age were respectively 0.4 and 19.1% lower than those fed SMR. Most of the behavioural parameters studied were not unfavourably influenced by acidification of the replacer. In conclusion, growth, feed intake and feed efficiency characteristics of Brown Swiss calves fed AMR or SMR were not different from each other. However, incidence of diarrhoea of the young calves was decreased and health status of the calves was improved with the feeding of acidified milk. South African Journal of Animal Science Vol. 36(3) 2006: 149-15

Multi-layered Ruthenium-modified Bond Coats for Thermal Barrier Coatings

Diffusional approaches for fabrication of multi-layered Ru-modified bond coats for thermal barrier coatings have been developed via low activity chemical vapor deposition and high activity pack aluminization. Both processes yield bond coats comprising two distinct B2 layers, based on NiAl and RuAl, however, the position of these layers relative to the bond coat surface is reversed when switching processes. The structural evolution of each coating at various stages of the fabrication process has been and subsequent cyclic oxidation is presented, and the relevant interdiffusion and phase equilibria issues in are discussed. Evaluation of the oxidation behavior of these Ru-modified bond coat structures reveals that each B2 interlayer arrangement leads to the formation of α-Al 2 O 3 TGO at 1100°C, but the durability of the TGO is somewhat different and in need of further improvement in both cases

Effects of shading and covering material application for delaying harvest on gray mold disease severity

To delay the harvest of Sultani Cekirdeksiz grape variety and to reduce pre and post-harvest botrytis bunch rot severity, shading and covering material application were tested in 2009 to 2010 growing periods. In this study, grape vines were shaded with shading materials which had three different shading densities (35, 55, and 75% shading density) from veraison period to harvest. The grape vines were also covered with four different covering materials (transparent polyethylene, mogul, polypropen cross-stich and lifepack) before rainfall, at the end of August until harvest. The gray mold severity was recorded three times (before shading at unriped grape stage, veraison period, shortly after shading and twice at 20 day interval) during growing period. Based on the results of this study, the highest gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) severity was obtained in the control (uncovered and unshaded) treatment and the lowest disease severity was observed in lifepack treatment with or without shading. Since gray mold disease of grape was the main factor affecting harvest date of the crop lifepack, + 35 or 55% shading could be recommended to delay harvest and reduce the gray mold severity of grape in Manisa province-Turkey.Key words: Sultani seedless, table grape, shading, cover material, delaying harvest disease severity, Botrytis cinerea

Effect of the different weaning ages on the growth and feed conversion efficiencies in Holstein-Friesian calves

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Effects of Slaughter Weight and Muscle Types on Carcass and Meat Quality Characteristics of Holstein Friesian Bulls

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of slaughter weight and muscle types on carcass characteristics, chemical composition and meat quality characteristics of young Holstein Friesian bulls. For this purpose, the 21 young bulls were assigned to three experimental groups based on their weights at slaughter called lighter (LSW) (470.4±32.5kg), medium (MSW) (540.8±10.9 kg) and heavier (HSW) (605.8±28.3 kg). Animals in the HSW group resulted in higher carcass weight, LD area, crude protein content, pH24 value. On the other hand, L* and a* values color parameters and LD area per 100 kg carcass weight were significantly decreased with the increasing slaughter weight. The meat obtained from the LSW group were brighter and redder compared to other two slaughter groups. Additionally, there was a decreasing trend in the proportion of the non-carcass components with increasing of the slaughter weight. However, increasing of the slaughter weights led to a significant increase in the carcass measurements such as thoracic depth, carcass length, length of the round as well as width of the round. Although the crude protein content was significantly affected by both slaughter weights and muscle types, only muscle types were also significant sources of variation in percentages of moisture and crude ash

Effects of Flooring Types on Growth Performance, Behaviour and Health of Dairy Calves

In this study, perforated rubber mats (PRM), concrete floor bedded with long wheat straw (CLS and concrete floor bedded with wheat straw (CS) were compared as flooring types for dairy calves. Growth, feed efficiency ratio, gains in body measurements, some behavioural activities as well as faecal scores, bedding scores and calf’s cleanliness scores of the dairy calves were evaluated for 6 months. Overall growth rate differed significantly due to types of floor, and total weight gains of the dairy calves in PRM group was 7.0% and 16.0% higher than those of calves in CLS and CS groups respectively. However, differences with regard to the amount of dry matter of milk, concentrate as well as total dry matter of the feeds consumed per kg of weight gain during pre-weaning and post-weaning periods among the PRM, CS and CLS groups were not statistically significant. When, gains in linear body measurements were evaluated, total gains in height at withers, body length, chest depth and heart girth of the calves in PRM group were superior to those in CLS and CS groups. The calves in PRM group had high growth rate along with high percentage of time spent for lying behaviour which is one the most significant activities among the behaviours of the calves. The calves kept on PRM group exhibited 52.6% and 45.5% higher percentage of time spent for lying behaviour than those in CS and CLS groups respectively. Data regarding the bedding scores and calf's cleanliness scores also revealed that the PRM flooring was the cleanest and driest one compared to the other flooring types, and the calves in the PRM group were cleaner than those in CLS and CS groups. Calves in PRM group exhibited significantly (P<0.01) lover faecal consistency scores than those in CLS and CS groups. In conclusion, based upon growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, behavioural parameters as well as the bedding scores, calf's cleanliness scores and faecal consistency scores, PRM is preferable to CLS and CS floorings for individual dairy calves' pens

Performance of calves fed a limited amount of milk in Eastern Anatolia conditions

The purpose of this research was to study the possibility of reducing weaning age in dairy calves, Brown Swiss calves were weaned at 30, 45 and 60 d of age. In the milk feeding period, the amount of daily milk given to calves in the groups was kept constant at 7 % of their birth weight. The body weight of 4-month calves fed milk for 30, 45 and 60 d were 82.6 +/- 2.0, 85.2 +/- 2.0 and 79.1 +/- 2.0 kg, respectively. The body weight of 6-month calves weaned at 30, 45 and 60 d of age were 127.8 +/- 2.9, 133.2 +/- 2.9 and 127.2 +/- 2.7 kg, respectively. The average weight gains determined between birth and six months of age for the calves weaned at 30, 45 and 60 d of age were 0.51 +/- 0.01, 0.55 +/- 0.01 and 0.52 +/- 0.01 kg, respectively. The differences among the groups were found to be non-significant. The effect of weaning age was non-significant for the total dry matter of feed consumed per kilogram of weight gain. The results of this study suggested that Brown Swiss calves could be weaned at 30 d of age without having any adverse effect oil their growth and feed conversion efficiency