Event Timing in Associative Learning

Associative learning relies on event timing. Fruit flies for example, once trained with an odour that precedes electric shock, subsequently avoid this odour (punishment learning); if, on the other hand the odour follows the shock during training, it is approached later on (relief learning). During training, an odour-induced Ca++ signal and a shock-induced dopaminergic signal converge in the Kenyon cells, synergistically activating a Ca++-calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase, which likely leads to the synaptic plasticity underlying the conditioned avoidance of the odour. In Aplysia, the effect of serotonin on the corresponding adenylate cyclase is bi-directionally modulated by Ca++, depending on the relative timing of the two inputs. Using a computational approach, we quantitatively explore this biochemical property of the adenylate cyclase and show that it can generate the effect of event timing on associative learning. We overcome the shortage of behavioural data in Aplysia and biochemical data in Drosophila by combining findings from both systems

Comparison of photocatalytic systems including silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles efficiencies for the E. coli removal from drinking water

The removal and destruction of organic contaminants in groundwater can be addressed through the impregnation of adsorbents with photoactive catalysts. In this paper removal trend of E. coli from drinking water examined by nano silver and nano titanium dioxide. To perform this, four different concentration of silver nano particles and titanium dioxide under UV radiation (with 247 nm- wavelength) used. The results showed the nano particles of silver and titanium reach to 100% disinfection efficiency at the concentrations of 0.4 mg/l (with 20 minutes contact time) and 0.8 mg/l (with 40 minutes contact time), respectively. For equal amounts of disinfectant and equal number of E. coli colonies in drinking water, disinfection potential for (nAg + V) is significantly higher than (nTiO2 + UV). When the nano particles concentration increases, the disinfection rate rises, and it was higher and faster done by the nano silver particles comparing to nano-titanium particles (Pvalue < 0.05, R²= 0.705)

A Neurogenetic Dissociation between Punishment-, Reward-, and Relief-Learning in Drosophila

What is particularly worth remembering about a traumatic experience is what brought it about, and what made it cease. For example, fruit flies avoid an odor which during training had preceded electric shock punishment; on the other hand, if the odor had followed shock during training, it is later on approached as a signal for the relieving end of shock. We provide a neurogenetic analysis of such relief learning. Blocking, using UAS-shibirets1, the output from a particular set of dopaminergic neurons defined by the TH-Gal4 driver partially impaired punishment learning, but left relief learning intact. Thus, with respect to these particular neurons, relief learning differs from punishment learning. Targeting another set of dopaminergic/serotonergic neurons defined by the DDC-Gal4 driver on the other hand affected neither punishment nor relief learning. As for the octopaminergic system, the tbhM18 mutation, compromising octopamine biosynthesis, partially impaired sugar-reward learning, but not relief learning. Thus, with respect to this particular mutation, relief learning, and reward learning are dissociated. Finally, blocking output from the set of octopaminergic/tyraminergic neurons defined by the TDC2-Gal4 driver affected neither reward, nor relief learning. We conclude that regarding the used genetic tools, relief learning is neurogenetically dissociated from both punishment and reward learning. This may be a message relevant also for analyses of relief learning in other experimental systems including man

The genotypic response towards haploid induction in Turkish onion (Allium cepa L.) germplasm

Haploid induction efficiency of unpollinated flower buds in twenty-six Turkish onion germplasm were determined on two media, Dunstan and Short medium (BDS) and Murashige and Skoog’s medium (MS). On BDS medium, 5850 flower buds were cultured and the induction rate was 2.10% and a plant survival percentage of 1.62% (2 plants). On MS medium, 5850 flower buds were cultured and 175 plantlets were induced; induction rate was 2.99% and plant survival percentage was 13.71% (24 plants). The highest number of plantlets was obtained from genotype Sanliurfa 2; 27 plantlets on BDS medium while 45 plantlets on MS medium. Flow cytometry confirmed that out of the twenty-six plants, 4 plants were haploid (15.38%), 2 mixoploid (7.69%), 18 (69.23%) diploid and 2 tetraploid (7.69%)

Examination of Goal Commitment and Subjective Happiness Levels of the Students Studying at the Faculty of Sport Sciences According to Gender, Active Sport Participation and Sports Type Variables

This study was carried out to examine the goal commitment and subjective happiness levels of students studying in the faculty of sport sciences according to some variables. The research group consisted of 346 students who voluntarily participated from the faculty of sport sciences of a state university in Turkey. “Goal Commitment Scale” was used to determine the level of goal commitment of the participants, and the “Subjective Happiness Scale” was used to determine the levels of subjective happiness. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of demographic variables, Pearson correlation was used to determine the direction and strength of the variables, independent sample t-test was used for comparisons of the groups. The results of the study showed that subjective happiness levels of students differed according to gender and goal commitment levels differ depending on the active sport participation. In addition, significant and positive relationships were observed between the goal commitment and subjective happiness levels of the students and between the academic grade averages and the goal commitment levels. These results indicate that the goal commitment levels of students will increase as a result of encouraging active sports, and thus their academic success and subjective happiness may increase

COMPARING THE GENERAL HEALTH, LIFE EXPECTANCY AND HAPPINESS OF MOTHERS OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN WITH MOTHERS OF NORMAL CHILDREN

This study compares life expectancy, public health and happiness of mothers of normal students with mothers of autistic children. Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that is yet unknown as most serious and most childhood disorders. As long the incidence of autism is increasing, the focusing on the needs and experiences of parents is urgent. This study compared general health, happiness and hope to the lives of mothers of children normal with mothers of autistic children. Participants in the study were mothers of autistic and normal school students in Mazandaran Province, Iran. 112 mothers were selected through cloning method. Miller hopes questionnaire, a questionnaire with 28 questions GHO, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire used as research tools for statistical analysis of data, descriptive statistics (such as frequency tables, charts, etc.) and inferential statistics, independent t-test to compare two groups were used. The results showed that hope, health and happiness of mothers of autistic and normal students the difference was significant. The results showed that students' disabilities and autism has negative effects on their mothers' general health, hope, and happiness.  Article visualizations

The Effect of Basic Life Skills Training on Adaptability and Psychological Well-Being in Married Female Students

Background: Effective communication and the establishment of a good communication model among individuals have a prominent role in adaptation and can play an essential role in creating the psychological well being of married students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of basic life skills training on adaptability and psychological well being in married female students.Methods: The present study was a semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with the control group. A sample of 40 female undergraduate students of Qaemshahr Azad University University in the academic year of 2017-2018 was selected with convenience sampling and divided into 2 experimental and control groups randomly (each group 20 student). The experimental group received eight sessions of basic life skills training in 2 sessions of 90 minutes per week. Control group received no training. In order to collect information, Bell’s adaptive scale and psychological well-being questionnaire used. Covariance analysis by SPSS-22 software was used to analyze the data.Results: results of covariance analysis showed that the training of basic skills of life increased the adaptability (P &lt; 0.001) and psychological well-being (P &lt; 0.001) in the experimental group compared to the control group at the post-test stage.Conclusion: According to the results of the current study, it can be used basic life skills training as an effective way to increase the psychological well-being and student adaptability

Creating a Deep Learning Environment in a Virtual Lab for Cybersecurity

In today’s world, there is an increasing need for cybersecurity professionals because of the increase of Internet-connected devices, digital assets, and information systems infrastructure. Growth of automation and digitization, enterprise safety risks, the illusion of privacy and consumer data breaching, data storage, and management in the world of massive internet device connectivity that is expected in the near future collectively bring new security concerns. In order for students to gain the required skill sets to enter the workforce, they need hands-on experience to build essential employability qualities, confidence, knowledge, and experience. Murray State University’s Telecommunications Systems Management program uses a lab environment that has been developed using Netlab software to create a secure environment isolated from the campus network, allowing students to experience the execution of these attacks and exploits

The Effectiveness Companion of Cognitive Behavioral Interventions and the Sensory Processing Styles Training on Behavioral Problems in Children Aged 7-12 Years

Background: Children’s health is very important in societies. Children’s behavioral problems result in efficiency rate reducing in educational performance. Therefore, solving these problems is necessary. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral interventions and sensory processing styles training on children’s behavioral problems (7-12 aged).Methods: The current study was quasi-experimental with the pretest-posttest design. The statistical population of this research included all elementary students of sari city in 2017-2018. Among them, 90 target students (30 students per intervention) were selected as samples by the clustering sampling method and were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Experimental groups received cognitive-behavioral interventions and sensory processing styles training orderly. Control group received no training. A child behavioral questionnaire was used to collect information. After scoring the questionnaire and extracting the data, SPSS-21 software used for statistical analysis of multivariate covariance and independent t test.Results: The findings showed that cognitive-behavioral interventions and the training of sensory processing styles have a significant effect on behavioral problems in children and have reduced the internalization and extraversion problems in experimental groups and the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral intervention in reducing behavioral problems in children is more significant than teaching sensory processing styles.Conclusion: We suggest that cognitive-behavioral therapy and sensory processing styles training are useful for parents. They help to thought control, ethical behavior and parents, mental health.