Loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines of the Arabidopsis cyclin CYCA1;2/TARDY ASYNCHRONOUS MEIOSIS exhibit different defects in prophase-I meiocytes but produce the same abnormal meiotic products

In Arabidopsis, loss-of-function mutations in the A-type cyclin CYCA1;2/TARDY ASYNCHRONOUS MEIOSIS (TAM) gene lead to the production of abnormal meiotic products including triads and dyads. Here we report that overexpression of TAM by the ASK1:TAM transgene also led to the production of triads and dyads in meiosis, as well as shriveled seeds, in a dominant fashion. However, the partial loss-of-function mutant tam-1, an ASK1:TAM line, and the wild type differed in dynamic changes in chromosome thread thickness from zygotene to diplotene. We also found that the pericentromeric heterochromatin regions in male meiocytes in tam-1 and tam-2 (a null allele) frequently formed a tight cluster at the pachytene and diplotene stages, in contrast to the infrequent occurrences of such clusters in the wild type and the ASK1:TAM line. Immunolocalization studies of the chromosome axial component ASY1 revealed that ASY1 was highly expressed at the appropriate male meiotic stages but not localized to the chromosomes in tam-2. The level of ASY1, however, was greatly reduced in another ASK1:TAM line with much overexpressed TAM. Our results indicate that the reduction and increase in the activity of TAM differentially affect chromosomal morphology and the action of ASY1 in prophase I. Based on these results, we propose that either the different meiotic defects or a common defect such as missing ASY1 on the chromosomal axes triggers a hitherto uncharacterized cell cycle checkpoint in the male meiocytes in the tam mutants and ASK1:TAM lines, leading to the production of the same abnormal meiotic products.Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolutio

Viva Understanding or Narrowly Okay? The Impact of Empathy on User Forgiveness and Perceived Bottlenecks in LLMs

Large language models (LLMs) based on generative AI have significantly impacted human society, while still face issues like inaccurate responses, slow performance, and lack of emotion. To address these concerns, this paper collects user reviews from app stores in 21 countries and 10 languages, employs the LDA model to extract factors and explores the gap between user ratings and textual emotions as indicators of forgiveness and perceived bottlenecks. Sentiment analysis is conducted using the Word2vec-SVM model, followed by empathy-based attributions. The findings reveal that functional and economic remedies effectively evoke empathy and forgiveness, while empathic solutions successfully overcome bottlenecks. Interestingly, empathetic users tend to be more discerning. Further SNA uncovers that timely problem-solving, software flexibility, model-updating, voice-image analysis contribute to breaking bottlenecks. Additionally, heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that Eastern users exhibit greater sensitivity towards price and are more likely to forgive through economic remedies; whereas Western users prioritize app quality improvements

Soldier system assessment under uncertainty with evidential reasoning

Along with the increasing of new equipment based capabilities, the physiological burden on the dismounted soldier keeps on growing, which leads to the limitation in the quantity and types of missions that can be carried out. In this research, a methodology is developed to solve the burden problem from the system assessment point of view. Comparing with other relevant research, the new methodology not only provides quantitative performance estimate of the soldier with the capability of handling fragmentary and incomplete data with hybrid format in nature (qualitative and quantitative), but also restrains the assessment complexity to an acceptable level

A Comparison of Emergency Management Social Media Use in the United States and England

A survey was distributed to U.S. county-level emergency managers in 2014 which included questions exploring the importance of barriers to use of Social Media (SM) for dissemination and collection of information during disasters. Key questions were replicated in a survey of emergency responders in England in 2015-2016. There are many similarities in the perceived importance of various specific barriers, but also many significant differences in results. For example, in both samples, trustworthiness of data and information overload are among the top barriers to collecting SM data. However, agencies in England are more likely to have official policies prohibiting the use of SM (58% in England vs. 25% in the U.S.). The differences suggest that software enhancements to deal with the technical problems of trustworthiness and information overload may be universally useful, but other barriers to use need to be addressed through organizational and policy measures