Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis by using direct wet mount among students in college of Nursing / University of Kirkuk.

The current study carried out to reveal the prevalence of  Entamoeba gingivalis among students  of college of Nursing/ University of Kirkuk  for period from April to June 2016, this study included (135) students (45 males and 90 females) using direct wet mount,  their aged between(18- 22) years old. The result showed that the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis among students was 63% (85 of 135),  According to the sex, the study showed that the prevalence of  Entamoeba gingivalis among males was 82% (37 0f 45) while among females was 53%(48 of 90) , According to the smoking the result showed that the incidence of parasite among smokers was  60 % (27 of 45) while among non – smokers was 22% (10 of 45). Regarding to the residence place of students, The study showed that the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis among  students whom lived in university residence was 59% ( 50 of 85) while among  students whom lived in their home was 41% (35 of 85) and according  to the number of brushing per day  the study showed that the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis among students whom brushed their teeth twice daily and after each meal  was lower than students whom brushing their teeth once daily

Translation and validation of the German version of the Mother-Generated Index and its application during the postnatal period.

the Mother-Generated Index (MGI) is a validated tool to assess postnatal quality of life. It is usually administered several weeks or months after birth and correlates with indices of post partum mood states and physical complaints. The instrument had not been translated into German before or validated for use among German-speaking women, nor have the results of the tool been assessed specifically for the administration directly after birth. This paper aims to describe the systematic translation process of the MGI into German and to assess the convergent validity of the German version of the instrument directly after birth and seven weeks post partum

Study on Prevalence of Giardia lamblia among Patients Attending Pediatric Hospital in Kirkuk City and Its Effect on Some Hematological Parameters

In this study we examined 3306 stool samples during the period from January to December 2015 from children attending pediatric hospital  in Kirkuk city to show the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection and its effect on some hematological parameters including packed cell volume(PCV) and white blood cell count( WBC) count  especially in this period because security conditions in my country and increased the emigrants whom they live in tabernacles which lacking the healthy and hygiene conditions . The results showed that the total infection of Giardia lamblia was 7.1% (235 of 3306). According to the sex, the highest rate of infection occurred in males 4.53% (150 of 3306) while in females was 2.57% (85 0f 3306)  and the rate of infection among males  was 7.53% (155 of 1990)  while the rate of infection among  females was 6.45% (85 of 1316).  There is significant differences appeared between males and females. According to the months, the high rate of infection occurred in October between males 17.5% (35 0f 200).The result showed that the high rate of infection with Giardia lamblia occurred in age group from 1 month to 3 years (120 of 235). Blood tests are done which include packed cell volume( PCV) and white blood cell count. The results show there are significant differences between infected patients and healthy persons, the (PCV) value decreased  and (WBC) count increased between infected and non- infected persons respectively. Keywords: Giardia lamblia, Prevalence , Hematological parameters, Kirkuk city

Evaluation of interleukin-4 and some serological factors in children infected with cryptosporidiosis at Ramadi Teaching Hospital for women and children

Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium. It is widespread worldwide and is among the four main diarrhoea pathogens in children and adults. The present study aimed to investigate infection with the cryptosporidiosis in children under the age of eight years in both sexes who suffered from diarrhoea, and to evaluate the relationship of Interlukin-4 to parasitic infection and the changes in some serological parameters that included lipid profile and total protein. Two hundred fecal samples were collected from Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Women and Children. Microscopic examination of the samples stained with Ziehl–Neelsen stain and ELISA test indicated the presence of egg cysts in 23 samples, with a total percentage of (11.5%). The shape of the parasite was spherical, tending to oval, with a size of (4.8 to 5.7 micrometres). The lipid profile results showed that there was a significant increase in cholesterol (Ch.), triglycerides (TG.), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (vLDL), and for high-density lipoproteins (HDL) of the patient\u27s group, there was no significant difference between the control group and the infected group at the (P ≤0.05). There was a significant increase in the level of blood proteins (Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin) for the infected group at a significant level (P≤0.05). The study also showed significant differences in interleukin-4 between patients and healthy people, which was 0.0444 ± 0.01141 pg/ml for patients (P≤0.05). Due to the increasing spread, seriousness, and epidemiology of the parasite, considered environmental pollution, and because of its lack of diagnosis in health departments (such as hospitals), and because its entry significantly stimulates the immune system, causes dehydration and death in children with weak immunity, and affects the absorption of fats, proteins, and vitamins significantly, a new factor IL-4 related to the infection was identified. It was also known how significant the effect of injury is on the amount of fats and proteins that are involved in the structure of living cell membranes

The effects of publishing emergency department wait time on patient utilization patterns in a community with two emergency department sites: a retrospective, quasi-experiment design

BACKGROUND: Providing emergency department (ED) wait time information to the public has been suggested as a mechanism to reduce lengthy ED wait times (by enabling patients to select the ED site with shorter wait time), but the effects of such a program have not been evaluated. We evaluated the effects of such a program in a community with two ED sites. METHODS: Descriptive statistics for wait times of the two sites before and after the publication of wait time information were used to evaluate the effects of the publication of wait time information on wait times. Multivariate logistical regression was used to test whether or not individual patients used published wait time to decide which site to visit. RESULTS: We found that the rates of wait times exceeding 4 h, and the 95th percentile of wait times in the two sites decreased after the publication of wait time information, even though the average wait times experienced a slight increase. We also found that after controlling for other factors, the site with shorter wait time had a higher likelihood of being selected after the publication of wait time information, but there was no such relationship before the publication. CONCLUSIONS: These findings were consistent with the hypothesis that the publication of wait time information leads to patients selecting the site with shorter wait time. While publishing ED wait time information did not improve average wait time, it reduced the rates of lengthy wait times

Making Legislatures Matter: The Paradox and Potential of South African Parliamentary Reform

Calls for parliamentary reform and strengthening, especially the budget oversight and scrutiny function, are common among parliamentarians. Experience, however, shows that parliamentarians rarely actually enact significant reforms to enhance parliament’s effectiveness. Legislative studies scholarship focuses primarily on explaining why major reform rarely occurs. This study explains a South African case of major provincial parliamentary strengthening that occurred in a manner and during specific conditions that legislative studies theory suggests would either prohibit reform or weaken the legislature. The Gauteng Provincial Legislature (GPL) initiated and adopted a full reform package under the name ‘Programme Evaluation and Budget Analysis’ (PEBA) between 1998 and 2004. This reform expanded and deepened budget oversight and scrutiny processes in just six years, surpassing various formal reform efforts in the United Kingdom and Canada over roughly sixty years. This contrast in reform outcomes is explored at length. The GPL’s reforms also made public participation a formally integral component of budget oversight and scrutiny. PEBA’s development, adoption, and implementation overturn conventional theorizing in the legislative studies field on parliamentary reform and transformation. This study uses the heuristic case study design and a theoretically eclectic approach in light of the truly paradoxical nature of the GPL’s reforms. After exploring the full scope of the paradox in light of a century’s worth of legislative studies theorizing, the study incorporates elements of the theoretical structure advanced by critical liberalism, federalism studies, and deliberative democratic theory to develop a working hypothesis. Testing the working hypothesis produces refinements that increase confidence in the study’s findings and justify optimism about prospects for parliamentary strengthening. Future research to expand testing of the hypothesis may lay the foundations for a new theory of parliamentary transformation and demonstrates the necessity of being open to developments in parliamentary innovation where it is least expected.Ph.D