CD5-positive, Small B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Aberrant Findings of CLL/SLL and MCL

Most common CD5-positive, small B cell lymphoproliferative disorders include chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).  Among these cases, atypical morphology, immunophenotype, and/or cytogenetic abnormalities are not uncommon.  As an aberrant marker, CD5 expression is not limited to the cells of CLL/SLL or MCL and has been found in other B cell lymphomas ( both low grade and more aggressive types).  CD5-negative CLL/SLL and MCL also are well documented, as are reports of other aberrant immunophenotypes of CLL/SLL and MCL. In addition, monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) of unknown significance has recently been reported in otherwise healthy individuals.  We review here the findings that do not fulfill the current definitions of CLL/SLL or MCL.  It is imperative that a pathologist should be familiar with these aberrant findings when considering CLL/SLL or MCL as a possible diagnosis.  Furthermore, these aberrant findings may be clues to further understanding these entities

Fast equilibrium reconstruction by deep learning on EAST tokamak

A deep neural network is developed and trained on magnetic measurements (input) and EFIT poloidal magnetic flux (output) on the EAST tokamak. In optimizing the network architecture, we use automatic optimization in searching for the best hyperparameters, which helps the model generalize better. We compare the inner magnetic surfaces and last-closed-flux surfaces (LCFSs) with those from EFIT. We also calculated the normalized internal inductance, which is completely determined by the poloidal magnetic flux and can further reflect the accuracy of the prediction. The time evolution of the internal inductance in full discharges is compared with that provided by EFIT. All of the comparisons show good agreement, demonstrating the accuracy of the machine learning model, which has the high spatial resolution as the off-line EFIT while still meets the time constraint of real-time control

Molecular Diagnostics in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically and pathogenetically heterogeneous group of hematopoietic malignancies. Diagnosis, treatment choices and prognosis of AML have evolved from depending on evaluation of morphological and cytochemical features to relying heavily on cytogenetic profiling of leukemic cells by chromosome karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). However, given that at least 40% of all adult patients with AML lack identifiable cytogenetical abnormalities, there is a strong interest clinically in refining risk assessment as well as defining possible new targets for treatment. We review here some of the well studied molecular markers employed in the stratification of AML with normal cytogenetics, including the Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 (FLT3), nucleophosmin-1 (NPM1) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (CEBPA) genes. We discuss other factors of potential interest, but less well characterized in the context of AML, including miRNA expression signatures. Technical aspects of molecular testing are also discussed

Neutral beam current drive in a tokamak

Neutral beam current drive (NBCD) on the EAST tokamak is studied by using Monte-Carlo simulation. The electron shielding effect to the fast ion current is taken into account by using a fitting formula applicable to general tokamak equilibria and arbitrary collisionality regime. The net currents driven by the beam are off-axis although the fast ion currents are on-axis. This is found to be due to the electron shielding effect being strong near the magnetic axis. We also investigate the dependence of NBCD efficiency on the plasma density. The results indicate that the NBCD efficiency decreases with the increase in plasma density. A simple semi-analytic estimation of the dependence of NBCD efficiency on the density is proposed and is in reasonable agreement with the results directly obtained in the simulations

Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma, Differential Diagnosis and Molecular Stratification

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a clinically aggressive lymphoma. The diagnosis of DLBCL is based on morphological and immunophenotypical evaluation of the biopsy specimens. The pathologic diagnosis of DLBCL, while often straight forward, may be challenging from time to time, so much so that the most recent WHO classification of hematolymphoid neoplasms created two provisional categories dealing with the cases in which separation of DLBCL from other lymphomas can not be made with certainty. On the other hand, DLBCL is also a biologically and clinically heterogeneous entity. Treatment outcome in many cases has not been optimal. Research studies have provided new insight into the DLBCL and suggestions for further stratification of the disease to achieve better treatment outcomes. This review will highlight key differentiating points of the many different categories of lymphomas and non-lymphoid malignancies that need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of DLBCL. The current status of prognostic marker studies of DLBCL as an effort to further stratify DLBCL is also reviewed

Stretchable hybrid bilayered luminescent composite based on the combination of strain-induced and triboelectrification-induced electroluminescence

High luminescence intensity from materials that are excited by external stimuli is highly desired. In this work, a stretchable hybrid luminescent composite (HLC) that has multiple luminescence modes is reported. The luminescence can be excited either by externally applied mechanical strain or by a moving object that slides against the HLC. When the HLC is deformed, such as being twisted or folded, the ZnS/Cu phosphor experiences mechanical strain that trigger the mechanoluminescence (ML) of the phosphors. Moreover, as the HLC slides against a contact object, the triboelectrification at the contact interface induces the electroluminescence of phosphor. Here, a series of internal and external factors were studied on how they influence the luminescent intensity. It is found that the luminescent intensity from the two modes can be superposed. The HLC material was used to fabricate a fiber-based luminescent device that can be driven by air flow. The overall luminescent intensity is enhanced by over 72% compared to that obtained solely from the ML. The HLC reported in this work has such potential applications as self-powered light sources and sensors as means of detecting dynamic motions and interactio