Grain-Scale Strain and Orientation Measurements during Electromigration in Al Conductor Lines by Synchrotron X-Ray Microbeam Diffraction

AbstractAl conductor lines, with Ti-Al top and bottom layers and SiO2 passivation, were stressed with current density 1.5 × 106 A/cm2at 190°C, and the strains developed during electromigration were measured in-situ by white and monochromatic beam synchrotron x-ray microdiffraction. Grain-scale deviatoric strain measurements with 0.4µm beam size and perpendicular full strain measurements with 1.0µm beam size were made repeatedly during electromigration. A strong strain gradient developed along the upstream half of the conductor lines during electromigration, although no resistance changes, voids or extrusions were seen. Orientation maps showed near-bamboo grain structure. Results from an approximate analytic model, using the Eshelby inclusion theory, are consistent with the measurement results for late-stage electromigration-induced strains.</jats:p

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Actinidia chinensis Planch. ‘Hongyang’, a typical red core pulp in China

Actinidia chinensis Planch. ‘Hongyang’ Wu and Li , also known as red-fleshed kiwifruit, has a high vitamin C content and with high economic and nutritional value. Here, we assembled the complete chloroplast genome of A. chinensis Planch. ‘Hongyang’, which was 156,267 bp in length, contained a large single-copy region (LSC) of 87,866 bp, a small single-copy region (SSC) of 20,335 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 24,033 bp. In addition, the chloroplast genome contained 132 genes, including 85 protein-coding, 39 tRNA, and eight rRNA genes. Overall GC content in the genome was 37.2%, with the corresponding values in the LSC, SSC, and IR regions of 35.5%, 31.1%, and 42.9%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. chinensis Planch. ‘Hongyang’ was clustered with that of A. callosa var. strigillosa, A. deliciosa, A. melanandra, A. chinensis and A. setosa in the same branch

Deep Genome Resequencing Reveals Artificial and Natural Selection for Visual Deterioration, Plateau Adaptability and High Prolificacy in Chinese Domestic Sheep

Sheep were one of the earliest domesticated animals. Both artificial and natural selection during domestication has resulted in remarkable changes in behavioral, physiological, and morphological phenotypes; however, the genetic mechanisms underpinning these changes remain unclear, particularly for indigenous Chinese sheep. In the present study, we performed pooled whole-genome resequencing of 338 sheep from five breeds representative of indigenous Chinese breeds and compared them to the wild ancestors of domestic sheep (Asian mouflon, Ovis orientalis ) for detection of genome-wide selective sweeps. Comparative genomic analysis between domestic sheep and Asian mouflon showed that selected regions were enriched for genes involved in bone morphogenesis, growth regulation, and embryonic and neural development in domestic sheep. Moreover, we identified several vision-associated genes with funtional mutations, such as PDE6B (c.G2994C/p.A982P and c.C2284A/p.L762M mutations), PANK2 , and FOXC1/GMSD in all five Chinese native breeds. Breed-specific selected regions were determined including genes such as CYP17 for hypoxia adaptability in Tibetan sheep and DNAJB5 for heat tolerance in Duolang sheep. Our findings provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying important phenotypic changes that have occurred during sheep domestication and subsequent selection