3D­сканирование в технологии ремонта деталей и узлов тракторов и автомобилей

The authors have found that the expenditures in the structure of the production cost of repairing machines depend not only on the cost of spare parts and materials, but also on the assessment accuracy of the technical condition of inspected parts. Research purpose To study the possibilities of 3D scanning technology, to improve the measuring accuracy of worn parts during fault finding, and to determine a rational way to restore them.Materials and methods The authors have carried out the entrance control using the Artec Eva Lite portable handheld 3D scanner with the Artec Studio software while finding faults in the worn crankshaft of the ZМZ­409 engine. They have used the Geomagic Control X software product, which allows carrying out three­dimensional analysis of the part and obtain high­precision measurements, determine the wear of mutual rubbing surfaces, the presence of microcracks, damage to internal cavities and dents in complex­shaped parts. Basing on the conventional technology and reference recommendations, they plotted the route of the crankshaft restoration technology.Results and discussion The authors have compared the measurement results obtained using metrology instruments and reports in the Geomagic Control X program. They have found significant differences, especially in the amount of digital data. It has been determined that the measurement accuracy obtained from the instruments turned out to be lower. Worn connecting rods and main journals of the ZМZ­409 engine crankshaft have been restored by electrocontact welding of filler materials according to the recommended application modes.Conclusions The research has revealed the possibility of using 3D­scan in the process of repair and restoration. The authors have proved that this method allows increasing the efficiency of fault finding, shorten its duration in 6 times, reduce the level of subjectivity of the technical condition assessment of inspected parts and reduce the complexity of the process by 30 percent. The authors have confirmed the high accuracy of measurements (up to 0.03 millimeters), owing to which the direct costs of filler materials can be reduced by 20 percent. On the basis of the 3D scanning results, the authors have proposed to form databases in the form of digital archives of parts by groups and brands for subsequent operational use.Выяснили, что затраты в структуре себестоимости ремонта машин зависят не только от расходов на запасные части и материалы, но и от точности оценки технического состояния детали.Цель исследования Изучить возможности технологии 3D­сканирования, повысить точность измерения изношенных деталей при проведении дефектовки, определить рациональный способ их восстановления. (Материалы и методы) Осуществили входной контроль с помощью портативного ручного 3D­сканера Artec Eva Lite с программным обеспечением Artec Studio при дефектовке изношенного коленчатого вала двигателя ЗМЗ­409. Использовали программный продукт Geomagic Control X, позволяющий провести трехмерный анализ детали и получить высокоточные измерения, определить износ взаимно трущихся поверхностей, наличие микротрещин, повреждений внутренних полостей и впадин в деталях сложной формы. Опираясь на известную технологию и справочные рекомендации, составили схему маршрута технологии восстановления коленчатого вала.Результаты и обсуждение Сравнили результаты измерений, полученных с использованием метрологических приборов, и отчетов в программе Geomagic Control X. Выявили значительную разницу, особенно в количестве цифровых данных. Определили, что точность измерений с помощью приборов оказалась ниже. Восстановили изношенные шатунные и коренные шейки коленчатого вала двигателя ЗМЗ­409 электроконтактной приваркой присадочных материалов по рекомендуемым режимам нанесения.Выводы Выявили возможность использования 3D­сканирования в технологическом процессе ремонта и восстановления. Доказали, что этот метод позволяет повысить эффективность дефектовки, сократить ее продолжительность в 6 раз, снизить уровень субъективности оценки технического состояния детали и уменьшить трудоемкость процесса на 30 процентов. Подтвердили высокую точность измерений (до 0,03 миллиметра), благодаря которой можно снизить прямые затраты на присадочные материалы на 20 процентов. Предложили на основе результатов 3D­сканирования формировать базы данных в виде цифровых архивов деталей по группам и маркам для последующего оперативного использования в работе

Широкое многообразие кератинов человека

А review presents systematic data about the diversity of human keratins. The results of numerous studies concerning the structure and functions of keratins, their distribution in various cells and tissues were summarized. The role of these proteins in the development of human hereditary diseases, as well as modern approaches in use keratins in immunohistochemistry and perspectives of their further studies are discussed.Представлены систематизированные данные о разнообразии кератинов человека. Обобщены результаты многочисленных исследований в области изучения структуры и функций кератинов, их распределения в различных клетках и тканях организма. Обсуждаются роль данных белков в развитии наследственных заболеваний человека, а также современные подходы к использованию кератинов в иммуногистохимии и перспективы их дальнейших исследований

3D Scanning in Repairing Tractor and Automobile Parts and Units

The authors have found that the expenditures in the structure of the production cost of repairing machines depend not only on the cost of spare parts and materials, but also on the assessment accuracy of the technical condition of inspected parts. Research purpose To study the possibilities of 3D scanning technology, to improve the measuring accuracy of worn parts during fault finding, and to determine a rational way to restore them.Materials and methods The authors have carried out the entrance control using the Artec Eva Lite portable handheld 3D scanner with the Artec Studio software while finding faults in the worn crankshaft of the ZМZ­409 engine. They have used the Geomagic Control X software product, which allows carrying out three­dimensional analysis of the part and obtain high­precision measurements, determine the wear of mutual rubbing surfaces, the presence of microcracks, damage to internal cavities and dents in complex­shaped parts. Basing on the conventional technology and reference recommendations, they plotted the route of the crankshaft restoration technology.Results and discussion The authors have compared the measurement results obtained using metrology instruments and reports in the Geomagic Control X program. They have found significant differences, especially in the amount of digital data. It has been determined that the measurement accuracy obtained from the instruments turned out to be lower. Worn connecting rods and main journals of the ZМZ­409 engine crankshaft have been restored by electrocontact welding of filler materials according to the recommended application modes.Conclusions The research has revealed the possibility of using 3D­scan in the process of repair and restoration. The authors have proved that this method allows increasing the efficiency of fault finding, shorten its duration in 6 times, reduce the level of subjectivity of the technical condition assessment of inspected parts and reduce the complexity of the process by 30 percent. The authors have confirmed the high accuracy of measurements (up to 0.03 millimeters), owing to which the direct costs of filler materials can be reduced by 20 percent. On the basis of the 3D scanning results, the authors have proposed to form databases in the form of digital archives of parts by groups and brands for subsequent operational use

Recent effective population size in Eastern European plain Russians correlates with the key historical events

AbstractEffective population size reflects the history of population growth, contraction, and structuring. When the effect of structuring is negligible, the inferred trajectory of the effective population size can be informative about the key events in the history of a population. We used the IBDNe and DoRIS approaches, which exploit the data on IBD sharing between genomes, to reconstruct the recent effective population size in two population datasets of Russians from Eastern European plain: (1) ethnic Russians sampled from the westernmost part of Russia; (2) ethnic Russians, Bashkirs, and Tatars sampled from the Volga-Ural region. In this way, we examined changes in effective population size among ethnic Russians that reside in their historical area at the West of the plain, and that expanded eastward to come into contact with the indigenous peoples at the East of the plain. We compared the inferred demographic trajectories of each ethnic group to written historical data related to demographic events such as migration, war, colonization, famine, establishment, and collapse of empires. According to IBDNe estimations, 200 generations (~6000 years) ago, the effective size of the ancestral populations of Russians, Bashkirs, and Tatars hovered around 3,000, 30,000, and 8,000 respectively. Then, the ethnic Russians exponentially grew with increasing rates for the last 115 generations and become the largest ethnic group of the plain. Russians do not show any drop in effective population size after the key historical conflicts, including the Mongol invasion. The only exception is a moderate drop in the 17th century, which is well known in Russian history as The Smuta. Our analyses suggest a more eventful recent population history for the two small ethnic groups that came into contact with ethnic Russians in the Volga-Ural region. We found that the effective population size of Bashkirs and Tatars started to decrease during the time of the Mongol invasion. Interestingly, there is an even stronger drop in the effective population size that coincides with the expansion of Russians to the East. Thus, 15–20 generations ago, i.e. in the 16–18th centuries in the trajectories of Bashkirs and Tatars, we observe the bottlenecks of four and twenty thousand, respectively. Our results on the recent effective population size correlate with the key events in the history of populations of the Eastern European plain and have importance for designing biomedical studies in the region.</jats:p

Recent effective population size in Eastern European plain Russians correlates with the key historical events

Abstract Effective population size reflects the history of population growth, contraction, and structuring. When the effect of structuring is negligible, the inferred trajectory of the effective population size can be informative about the key events in the history of a population. We used the IBDNe and DoRIS approaches, which exploit the data on IBD sharing between genomes, to reconstruct the recent effective population size in two population datasets of Russians from Eastern European plain: (1) ethnic Russians sampled from the westernmost part of Russia; (2) ethnic Russians, Bashkirs, and Tatars sampled from the Volga-Ural region. In this way, we examined changes in effective population size among ethnic Russians that reside in their historical area at the West of the plain, and that expanded eastward to come into contact with the indigenous peoples at the East of the plain. We compared the inferred demographic trajectories of each ethnic group to written historical data related to demographic events such as migration, war, colonization, famine, establishment, and collapse of empires. According to IBDNe estimations, 200 generations (~6000 years) ago, the effective size of the ancestral populations of Russians, Bashkirs, and Tatars hovered around 3,000, 30,000, and 8,000 respectively. Then, the ethnic Russians exponentially grew with increasing rates for the last 115 generations and become the largest ethnic group of the plain. Russians do not show any drop in effective population size after the key historical conflicts, including the Mongol invasion. The only exception is a moderate drop in the 17th century, which is well known in Russian history as The Smuta. Our analyses suggest a more eventful recent population history for the two small ethnic groups that came into contact with ethnic Russians in the Volga-Ural region. We found that the effective population size of Bashkirs and Tatars started to decrease during the time of the Mongol invasion. Interestingly, there is an even stronger drop in the effective population size that coincides with the expansion of Russians to the East. Thus, 15–20 generations ago, i.e. in the 16–18th centuries in the trajectories of Bashkirs and Tatars, we observe the bottlenecks of four and twenty thousand, respectively. Our results on the recent effective population size correlate with the key events in the history of populations of the Eastern European plain and have importance for designing biomedical studies in the region

Characterization and its implication of a novel taste receptor detecting nutrients in the honey bee, Apis mellifera

AbstractUmami taste perception indicates the presence of amino acids, which are essential nutrients. Although the physiology of umami perception has been described in mammals, how insects detect amino acids remains unknown except in Drosophila melanogaster. We functionally characterized a gustatory receptor responding to L-amino acids in the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. Using a calcium-imaging assay and two-voltage clamp recording, we found that one of the honey bee’s gustatory receptors, AmGr10, functions as a broadly tuned amino acid receptor responding to glutamate, aspartate, asparagine, arginine, lysine, and glutamine, but not to other sweet or bitter compounds. Furthermore, the sensitivity of AmGr10 to these L-amino acids was dramatically enhanced by purine ribonucleotides, like inosine-5′-monophosphate (IMP). Contact sensory hairs in the mouthpart of the honey bee responded strongly to glutamate and aspartate, which house gustatory receptor neurons expressing AmGr10. Interestingly, AmGr10 protein is highly conserved among hymenopterans but not other insects, implying unique functions in eusocial insects.</jats:p

Author Correction: Characterization and its implication of a novel taste receptor detecting nutrients in the honey bee, Apis mellifera

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.</jats:p