The role of clustering in rural industrialization: A Case Study of the Footwear Industry in Wenzhou

"Wenzhou used to be one of the poorest regions in eastern China. With limited arable land, poor road access to major cities, and little support from the upper level governments, this region seemed to lack all the conditions necessary for economic growth. However, over the past several decades Wenzhou has developed the most dynamic private sector in China, and has accordingly achieved one of the fastest growth rates. In particular, the footwear industry in Wenzhou has grown from a negligible market share to the largest in China. Here, we report a survey of 140 Wenzhou-based footwear enterprises of various scales, and use this information to examine the driving forces behind the dramatic rural industrial growth seen in this region. Our results show that clustering deepens the division of labor in the production process and makes it possible for small entrepreneurial firms to enter the industry by focusing on a narrowly defined stage of production. Therefore, Wenzhou represents an example of how clustering plays a significant role in helping fledgling rural industries overcome the growth constraints of capital and technology in the incipient stage of industrialization." from Authors' AbstractCluster analysis, Industrialization, Finance, Economic development, Nonfarm economy,

The Formation of Wenzhou Footwear Clusters: How Were the Entry Barriers Overcome?

Wenzhou used to be one of the poorest regions in eastern China. With limited arable land, poor road access to major cities, and little support from the government, it seemed to lack all the necessary conditions for economic growth according to the standard textbook. However, over the past several decades, Wenzhou has achieved one of the fastest growing rates and owned the most dynamic private sector in China. The footwear industry in particular has grown from a negligible place to the largest market share and has formed one of the largest industry clusters in China. Therefore, the footwear industry provides us with a good example to unde rstand the driving forces behind the dramatic rural industrial growth. For this study, we undertake a survey on about 140 enterprises at different scales in Wenzhou. The survey enables us to examine how the start -up capital, credit, technology, and institutional barriers have been overcome in the formation process.International Relations/Trade,

Accelerating ferroic ageing dynamics upon cooling

Once a structural glass is formed, its relaxation time will increase exponentially with decreasing temperature. Thus, the glass has little chance of transforming into a crystal upon further cooling to zero Kelvin. However, a spontaneous transition upon cooling from amorphous to long-range ordered ferroic states has been observed experimentally in ferroelastic, ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials. The origin for this obvious discrepancy is discussed here conceptually. We present a combined theoretical and numerical study of this phenomenon and show that the diffusive and displacive atomic processes that take place in structural glass and amorphous ferroics, respectively, lead to markedly different temperature-dependent relaxation behaviors, one being ‘colder is slower’ and the other being ‘colder is faster’.National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB619402)National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB644003)National Key Basic Research Program of China (51671156)National Basic Research Program of China 111 Project (B06025)National Science Foundation (U.S.). Division of Materials Research (DMR-1410322)National Science Foundation (U.S.). Division of Materials Research (DMR-1410636

Fracture Toughness of Ceramic Composite Containing Damage Eutectics and Transformation Particles

The toughness of eutectic ceramic composites are obtained by multiple toughening mechanisms involving crack-bridging and pull-out of rod-shaped eutectics, as well as stress-induced transformation toughening. In the loading procedure, damage will emerge in the rod-shaped eutectic.The transformation toughening of eutectic ceramic composites are obtained by stress-induced transformation mechanisms. Firstly, defining a parabola transformation yield function, the transformation plastic strain increment is gotten by transformation plastic potential function. Secondly, the transformation region is determined by the stress field associated with a crack involves I-II combination. Thirdly, on base of weighted function method, the screening impact of transformation particles for mixed-mode I-II crack is gained. The result shows that the transformation toughening is associated with the fraction of the transformation particles, the elastic modulus of composite ceramic and the half width of transformation region

Image restoration and key field alignment for misaligned overlapping text in secondary printing document images

With the advancement of information technology, the demand for efficient recognition and information extraction from paper documents in industrial scenarios has grown rapidly. In practice, business information is often secondarily printed onto pre-designed templates, which frequently leads to text misalignment or overlap with backgrounds and tables, thereby significantly impairing the accuracy of subsequent Optical Character Recognition (OCR). To address this issue, this paper proposes a preprocessing method for OCR recognition of secondary printed documents, specifically targeting the problems of text misalignment and overlap. In particular, we design a Text Overlap Restoration Network (TORNet) to restore document images affected by text overlap. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to the latest image restoration models, TORNet achieves PSNR improvements of 0.17 dB and 0.12 dB in foreground and background text restoration, respectively. Furthermore, to resolve residual misalignment issues after image restoration, a key-field alignment method is introduced. This method accurately locates the positional deviations of critical fields in the reconstructed image, enabling precise field-level alignment and structural correction. Based on the proposed preprocessing framework, the recognition accuracy and field-matching accuracy are improved by 23% and 31%, respectively, compared to existing commercial OCR models, significantly enhancing the recognition performance on misaligned and overlapping documents. This study provides an effective solution for recognizing secondary printed documents with text overlap in industrial environments

Comparative Study and Simulation of Soil Infiltration Performance in Open Green Space

Soil infiltration is important for urban open space to exert sponge benefits, and its permeability characteristics are influenced by physical and chemical properties. To determine the characteristics and differences of soil permeability in different open spaces, we used the cutting-ring method to measure the soil infiltration process in four types of open space. The effects of physicochemical properties on soil infiltration were analyzed through comparison. The infiltration process of the four types of green spaces was fitted on the basis of Kostiakov and Philip infiltration models, and the suitability of the models was discussed. The water infiltration process shows that the law of initial infiltration rate > average infiltration rate > stable infiltration rate. The stable infiltration rate of each green space ranges from 2.46 mm/min to 3.60 mm/min, and the ranking is as follows: park > square > block > other shared space. The determination coefficient of the Kostiakov model for the soil infiltration process of the four types of green space is higher than 0.94, which is suitable to describe the soil infiltration characteristics of green space in the study area. The soil infiltration performance of green space shows a negative correlation with soil bulk density and moisture content but a positive correlation with non-capillary porosity. This study provides a reference for the construction of sponge cities and ecological hydrological observation

The Research of Digital Algorithm Based on Frequency-Dependent Transmission Lines

The algorithm for obtaining the discrete response of popagation function for frequency dependent parameter line is presented. Consider a minimum sampling period Tsm, that is, the highest frequency fH=1/(2Tsm) in the signal is taken into account. The impedance z(w) and the admittance y(w) are obtained in the frequency range of [0,fH] by employing the Carson’s formula. The propagation function at each frequency point is subsequently obtained, the impulse response in discrete time domain is then obtained using Poision Sum Formula. In order to avoid the long length of impulse reponse under the higher sampling frequency, the poles and zeros of z transform of discrete propagation function are evaluated by the Prony’s method. Subsequently, the coeffcients of the discrete infinite impulse response of propagation function are obtained. Using these coefficients the wave transfer sources can be easily computed by discrete convolution operation. The simulation tests show that the results using the propsed method is accurate, the error is not more than 1% in contrast of the results generated by EMTP. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i5.249