An efficient approach for solving nonlinear troesch's and bratu's problems by wavelet analysis method

We introduce Chebyshev wavelet analysis method to solve the nonlinear Troesch and Bratu problems. Chebyshev wavelets expansions together with operational matrix of derivative are employed to reduce the computation of nonlinear problems to a system of algebraic equations. Several examples are given to validate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed technique. We compare the results with those ones reported in the literature in order to demonstrate that the method converges rapidly and approximates the exact solution very accurately by using only a small number of Chebyshev wavelet basis functions. Convergence analysis is also included

Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde Organik Turunçgil Üretiminde Hastalık, Zararlı ve Yabancı Otların Mücadelesinin Yönetimi

Bu çalışma, 2003-2006 yılları arasında Hatay (Dörtyol) ve Mersin (Erdemli) illerinde yürütülmüş olup, çalışmada Mars Seedless Altıntop ve Valensiya Portakal çeşidinde zararlı, hastalık ve yabancı otlara karşı organik tarıma uygun mücadele yöntemlerinin uygulanabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada her iki turunçgil çeşidinin bulunduğu alanlarda Organik Tarım ve Entegre Mücadele uygulamaları birlikte yürütülmüştür. Organik tarım yapılan bahçelerde organik ürün sertifikası alımına yönelik gerekli denetlemeler yaptırılarak ürün sertifikalandırılmıştır. Tüm bahçelerde bulunan zararlı ve doğal düşmanlar gözle inceleme ve darbe yöntemi ile saptanmıştır. Organik tarım bahçelerinde, ekonomik zarar eşiğini aşan zararlılara (Turunçgil Unlubiti, Turunçgil Kırmızı Örümceği, Yıldız Koşnili) karşı doğal düşman salımı, kükürt ve yazlık beyaz yağ uygulaması yapılarak mücadele edilmiştir. Hastalık etmenleri makroskopik ve mikroskobik incelemelerle belirlenmiştir. Denemenin yürütüldüğü Mars Seedless Altıntop bahçesinde Gövde Zamklanma Hastalığı [Phytopthora citropthora (Sm. et Sm) Leonian] tespit edilmiştir. Bu hastalıkla mücadele için enfekteli ağaçların gövdesinde kabuk temizliği yapılmış temizlenen yara yerlerine %2 oranında Bordo Bulamacı uygulanmıştır. Yabancı otlarla organik yetiştiricilikte mücadele amacıyla örtücü bitki uygulaması yapılmıştır. Dört örtücü bitki türü; arpa, İngiliz Çimi, Adi Fiğ, Acem Üçgülü denemeye alınmıştır. Toprağı kaplama alanı yönünden en yüksek değerler, ile yabancı ot kaplama alanı ve birim alandaki yabancı ot tür ve sayısı yönünden en düşük değerler arpa ve fiğden alınırken, yaş ve kuru ağırlık yönünden en yüksek değer yine fiğ parselinden elde edilmiştir. Bahçelerde Turunçgil Nematodu (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb.) da belirlenmiş ancak populasyonları zarar eşiğinin altında bulunmuştur. Parsellerde kullanılan çiftlik gübresi ve yeşil gübre toprak ve yaprak analizleri sonuçlarına göre uygulanmıştır. Kullanılan her türlü girdiler ve yapılan işlemler Tarım Bakanlığınca yayımlanan yönetmeliğe uygun olarak kontrol ve sertifikasyon kuruluşunun da onayı ile seçilmiştir. Her yıl meyve hasat döneminde kalıntı analizleri ve pomolojik analizler yaptırılmış, bir üretim periyodu sonunda ağaç başına ortalama verim belirlenmiştir. Proje çalışmaları, ürüne “organik ürün” sertifikası veren danışman firma tarafından kontrol edilmiş ve çalışmada organik meyve elde edilmiştir

Visceral leishmaniasis patients display altered composition and maturity of neutrophils as well as impaired neutrophil effector functions

Immunologically, active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is characterised by profound immunosuppression, severe systemic inflammatory responses and an impaired capacity to control parasite replication. Neutrophils are highly versatile cells, which play a crucial role in the induction as well as the resolution of inflammation, the control of pathogen replication and the regulation of immune responses. Neutrophil functions have been investigated in human cutaneous leishmaniasis, however, their role in human visceral leishmaniasis is poorly understood. In the present study we evaluated the activation status and effector functions of neutrophils in patients with active VL and after successful anti-leishmanial treatment. Our results show that neutrophils are highly activated and have degranulated; high levels of arginase, myeloperoxidase and elastase, all contained in neutrophils’ granules, were found in the plasma of VL patients. In addition, we show that a large proportion of these cells are immature. We also analysed effector functions of neutrophils that are essential for pathogen clearance and show that neutrophils have an impaired capacity to release neutrophil extracellular traps, produce reactive oxygen species and phagocytose bacterial particles, but not Leishmania parasites. Our results suggest that impaired effector functions, increased activation and immaturity of neutrophils play a key role in the pathogenesis of VL

Cytokines as early markers of colorectal anastomotic leakage: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose. Colorectal anastomotic leakage (CAL) is one of the most severe complications after colorectal surgery. This meta-analysis evaluates whether systemic or peritoneal inflammatory cytokines may contribute to early detection of CAL. Methods. Systematic literature search was performed in the acknowledged medical databases according to the PRISMA guidelines to identify studies evaluating systemic and peritoneal levels of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 for early detection of CAL. Means and standard deviations of systemic and peritoneal cytokine levels were extracted, respectively, for patients with and without CAL. The meta-analysis of the mean differences was carried out for each postoperative day using Review Manager. Results. Seven articles were included. The meta-analysis was performed with 5 articles evaluating peritoneal cytokine levels. Peritoneal levels of IL-6 were significantly higher in patients with CAL compare

Pharmacogenomics in diabetes mellitus:insights into drug action and drug discovery

Genomic studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the multifactorial aetiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as well as the multiple subtypes of monogenic diabetes mellitus. In this Review, we discuss the existing pharmacogenetic evidence in both monogenic diabetes mellitus and T2DM. We highlight mechanistic insights from the study of adverse effects and the efficacy of antidiabetic drugs. The identification of extreme sulfonylurea sensitivity in patients with diabetes mellitus owing to heterozygous mutations in HNF1A represents a clear example of how pharmacogenetics can direct patient care. However, pharmacogenomic studies of response to antidiabetic drugs in T2DM has yet to be translated into clinical practice, although some moderate genetic effects have now been described that merit follow-up in trials in which patients are selected according to genotype. We also discuss how future pharmacogenomic findings could provide insights into treatment response in diabetes mellitus that, in addition to other areas of human genetics, facilitates drug discovery and drug development for T2DM.</p

DETERMINATION OF MERCURY, NICKEL AND COPPER IN SOME TYPES OF CANNED FISH AND MEAT

In this study, three heavy metals (mercury, nickel and copper) in twenty eight canned fish and meat samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The metal contents, expressed in ppm (mg/ L), varied from 0.01 to 3 ppm in canned fish and from 0.001 to 2 ppm in canned meat for mercury, from 0.0001 to 0.0003 ppm in canned fish and from 0.0001 to 0.0007 ppm in canned meat for a nickel, and from 0.001 to 0.01 ppm in canned fish and from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm in canned meat for copper. The results of this study showed the concentration of mercury in fish and meat samples exceed normal levels, and statistical analysis of results by ANOVA showed significant differences between fish and meat in some samples for mercur

Numerical solution of nonlinear fredholm integro-differential equations using spectral homotopy analysis method

Spectral homotopy analysis method (SHAM) as a modification of homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied to obtain solution of high-order nonlinear Fredholm integro-differential problems. The existence and uniqueness of the solution and convergence of the proposed method are proved. Some examples are given to approve the efficiency and the accuracy of the proposed method. The SHAM results show that the proposed approach is quite reasonable when compared to homotopy analysis method, Lagrange interpolation solutions, and exact solutions

A numerical approach for solving singular nonlinear LaneEmden type equations arising in astrophysics

In this paper, we suggest a numerical method based upon hybrid of Chebyshev wavelets and finite difference methods for solving well-known nonlinear initial-value problems of Lane–Emden type. The useful properties of the Chebyshev wavelets and finite difference method are utilized to reduce the computation of the problem to a set of nonlinear algebraic equations. Making a comparison among the obtained results using the present method with those ones reported in literature by some other well-known methods confirms the accuracy and computational efficiency of the present technique

MYC functions are specific in biological subtypes of breast cancer and confers resistance to endocrine therapy in luminal tumours.

BACKGROUND: MYC is amplified in approximately 15% of breast cancers (BCs) and is associated with poor outcome. c-MYC protein is multi-faceted and participates in many aspects of cellular function and is linked with therapeutic response in BCs. We hypothesised that the functional role of c-MYC differs between molecular subtypes of BCs. METHODS: We therefore investigated the correlation between c-MYC protein expression and other proteins involved in different cellular functions together with clinicopathological parameters, patients' outcome and treatments in a large early-stage molecularly characterised series of primary invasive BCs (n=1106) using immunohistochemistry. The METABRIC BC cohort (n=1980) was evaluated for MYC mRNA expression and a systems biology approach utilised to identify genes associated with MYC in the different BC molecular subtypes. RESULTS: High MYC and c-MYC expression was significantly associated with poor prognostic factors, including grade and basal-like BCs. In luminal A tumours, c-MYC was associated with ATM (P=0.005), Cyclin B1 (P=0.002), PIK3CA (P=0.009) and Ki67 (P<0.001). In contrast, in basal-like tumours, c-MYC showed positive association with Cyclin E (P=0.003) and p16 (P=0.042) expression only. c-MYC was an independent predictor of a shorter distant metastases-free survival in luminal A LN+ tumours treated with endocrine therapy (ET; P=0.013). In luminal tumours treated with ET, MYC mRNA expression was associated with BC-specific survival (P=0.001). In ER-positive tumours, MYC was associated with expression of translational genes while in ER-negative tumours it was associated with upregulation of glucose metabolism genes. CONCLUSIONS: c-MYC function is associated with specific molecular subtypes of BCs and its overexpression confers resistance to ET. The diverse mechanisms of c-MYC function in the different molecular classes of BCs warrants further investigation particularly as potential therapeutic targets