Effects of solvent type on phenolics and flavonoids content and antioxidant activities in two varieties of young ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extracts

The extractive capability of phenolic components from herb material is considerably depended on the type of solvent. In our research three kinds of solvents (methanol, acetone and chloroform) extracts from different parts (leaves, stems and rhizomes) of two Malaysian young ginger varieties (Halia Bara and Halia Bentong) were used to examine the effects of extraction solvent on total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), quercetin, catechin and rutin content and antioxidant activity [1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay]. Results showed that extraction solvent had significant effects on TP, TF, quercetin, catechin and rutin content and antioxidant activity. The highest content of TP, TF and DPPH scavenging activities were found in methanol extracts. Additionally, High performance liqouid chromatography results shown that methanol had the highest extraction capacity for quercetin, rutin and catechin. Between varieties Halia Bara had high content of TP, TF and antioxidant activities to compare with Halia Bentong. Accumulation and partitioning of TP and TF in both varieties were: leaves > rhizomes > stems in all the three solvent extracts. However, according to the results extraction yield of phenolic compounds is greatly depending on the solvent polarity. With increased in solvent polarity from chloroform to methanol, amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities increased in both varieties. Thus, for routine screening of young ginger varieties with higher antioxidant activity, methanol was recommended to extract phenolic compounds from young ginger

Upaya Peningkatan Kualitas Kesehatan Masyarakat Pantai melalui Penerapan Jamban Keluarga dari Kayu Model Panggung yang Aman terhadap Air Pasang

The purpose of this is PKMM communities living in coastal areas in Palanro Barru to: (1) recognize that the family latrine construction secure against the tide, (2) to design, create the framework, floors, walls and roof of wooden models of family latrines and septic stage -tanks of masonry healthy and safe against the tide. The target audience of this program is people who live in coastal areas in Palanro, District Mallusetasi Barru. The method used in the delivery of education materials is a lecture, discussion and question and answer, demonstration method is used for training. The results obtained are: (1) Know the family latrine construction secure against the tide, (2) skilled designing, making framework, floors, walls and roof of wooden models of family latrines and septic-tanks stage of masonry healthy and safe against the tide

Game Edukasi Susun Kata Berbasis J2me

Perkembangan teknologi sekarang ini sudah berkembang dengan pesat seperti hal nya handphone. Pada handphone sekarang ini, hampir semua vendor handphone telah menyertakan dan mendukung fasilitas java pada produknya. Dengan adanya fasilitas java ini sangat memudahkan bagi para pengguna untuk menambahkan aplikasi-aplikasi berbasis Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME), diantaranya adalah aplikasi game yang merupakan aplikasi yang terus berkembang dan merupakan yang paling banyak diminati pengguna handphone, meskipun game terus berkembang tetapi pada Kenyataannya banyak game yang sifatnya kurang mendidik pada anak-anak, sehingga mereka terus dipengaruhi oleh game yang tidak sesuai dengan tingkatan mereka, hingga mereka lupa untuk belajar. Maka dari itu pada karya ilmiah ini penulis membuat suatu aplikasi game edukasi susun kata berbasis J2ME, dengan tujuan memberikan pelatihan dan mendidik anak-anak untuk terus belajar dan mengembangkan pola berfikir mereka, sehingga mereka dapat bermain sekaligus belajar menyusun kata, sehingga memberikan nilai positif bagi anak-anak

Evaluation of three RNA extraction methods from three cultivars of Malaysian upland rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) can be divided into two major categories, which is upland rice and lowland rice. Apart from being the staple food for more than half of the world population, it is also known as model plant for functional genomics study. However, it possess high amount of starch and polysaccharide that makes the isolation of good quality RNA for downstream purposes often a difficult task. While there are many studies being carried out for lowland rice extraction, none has been reported for upland rice. This study is the first to report on evaluation of three RNA extraction methods for three Malaysian upland rice cultivars in order to determine the best method to isolate high grade RNA. The result obtained demonstrated that good quality RNA in terms of integrity, purity and quality can be isolated from young leaves of these cultivars by using guanidine isothiocyanate based extraction method that is fast, simple and efficient and had been proven suitable for further downstream applications

Dampak Bantuan Sosial Penguatan Lembaga Distribusi Pangan Masyarakat (P-ldpm) terhadap Kinerja Gapoktan di Kecamatan Natar Kabupaten Lampung Selatan

This research aims to assess the impact of P-LDPM on Gapoktan performances and rice farmers incomes member of Gapoktan in Natar District South Lampung Regency. The sample of this research includes two Gapoktan's chairman, and 26 rice farmers from Gapoktan Pendowo (P-LDPM recipient) and Gapoktan Mekar Sari (non P-LDPM recipient). The data collection was conducted from April to May 2015. Performance of Gapoktan was analyzed by quantitative descriptive analysis; income of rice farmers was analyzed by independent t-test of two samples. The result of this research showed that P-LDPM gave impact on Gapoktan performance. This could be seen from the recipient of P-LDPM Gapoktan performance that showed a good performance, in two performance indicators set by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2013. While, non recipients P-LDPM Gapoktan only showed good performance in one indicator. Income of the farmer was not impacted by P-LDPM yet, this could be seen from the results of independent t-test of two samples analysis that showed no significant difference in the average income per hectare between recipients and non-recipients of Gapoktan members

Elevated carbon dioxide increases contents of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities in Malaysian young ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) varieties.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Family Zingiberaceae) is well known in Asia. The plant is widely cultivated in village gardens in the tropics for its medicinal properties and as a marketable spice in Malaysia. Ginger varieties are rich in physiologically active phenolics and flavonoids with a range of pharmacological activities. Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of increasing levels of flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol, naringenin, fisetin and morin) and phenolic acid (gallic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, tannic acid, cinnamic acid and salicylic acid), and antioxidant activities in different parts of Malaysian young ginger varieties (Halia Bentong and Halia Bara) with CO2 enrichment in a controlled environment system. Both varieties showed an increase in phenolic compounds and flavonoids in response to CO2 enrichment from 400 to 800 μmol mol-1 CO2. These increases were greater in rhizomes compared to leaves. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that quercetin and gallic acid were the most abundant flavonoid and phenolic acid in Malaysian young ginger varieties. Under elevated CO2 conditions, kaempferol and fisetin were among the flavonoid compounds, and gallic acid and vanillic acid were among the phenolic compounds whose levels increased in both varieties. As CO2 concentration was increased from 400 to 800 μmol mol-1, free radical scavenging power (DPPH) increased about 30% in Halia Bentong and 21.4% in Halia Bara; and the rhizomes exhibited more enhanced free radical scavenging power, with 44.9% in Halia Bentong and 46.2% in Halia Bara. Leaves of both varieties also displayed good levels of flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities. These results indicate that the yield and pharmaceutical quality of Malaysian young ginger varieties can be enhanced by controlled environment production and CO2 enrichmen

The relationship between phenolics and flavonoids production with total non structural carbohydrate and photosynthetic rate in labisia pumila benth. under high CO2 and nitrogen fertilization.

A factorial split plot 4 × 3 experiment was designed to examine and characterize the relationship among production of secondary metabolites (total phenolics, TP; total flavonoids, TF), carbohydrate content and photosynthesis of three varieties of the Malaysian medicinal herb Labisia pumila Benth. namely the varieties alata, pumila and lanceolata under CO2 enrichment (1,200 μmol mol-1) combined with four levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N ha-1). No varietal differences were observed, however, as the levels of nitrogen increased from 0 to 270 kg N ha-1, the production of TP and TF decreased in the order leaves>roots>stems. The production of TP and TF was related to increased total non structural carbohydrate (TNC), where the increase in starch content was larger than that in sugar concentration. Nevertheless, the regression analysis exhibited a higher influence of soluble sugar concentration (r² = 0.88) than starch on TP and TF biosynthesis. Photosynthesis, on the other hand, displayed a significant negative relationship with TP and TF production (r² = -0.87). A decrease in photosynthetic rate with increasing secondary metabolites might be due to an increase in the shikimic acid pathway that results in enhanced production of TP and TF. Chlorophyll content exhibited very significant negative relationships with total soluble sugar, starch and total non structural carbohydrate

Histological effect of cola nitida aqueous extract on rat's liver during hepatocarcinogenesis.

Hepatocarcinogenesis can be defined as precancerous lesion which will develop into Hepatocellular Carcinoma. It has been carried out previously that Cola nut (Cola nitida) has beneficial medicinal properties. In this study, we have assumed efforts to ascertain the histological anticancer potency of Cola Nitida aqueous extract on DEN/AAF induced hepatocarcinogenesis rat's liver. The structural components of the liver include plates of liver, called hepatocytes. The normal hepatocytes were well organized and arranged. Cells membranes were markedly clear. The nuclei were round and uniform with little variation in size causing no pleomorphis. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided to eleven groups. Hepatocarcinogenesis was induced in seven groups of rats by employing two carcinogen systems: an intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg DEN as initiator, followed by 0.02% of AAF in rat chow to promote carcinogenesis. The effect of 1, 2.5 and 5% cola nitida aqueous extract on hepatocarcinogenesis induced male rats and normal ones was investigated. Histological evaluation of rat liver revealed DEN/AAF induced and untreated rats group showed higher inflammation or necrosis, and in general abnormality; compared to all other groups. The results indicate that, Cola nitida might act as an antioxidant agent, which could inhibit or slow down histopathological changes induced by DEN/AAF

Recovery From Monocular Deprivation Using Binocular Deprivation: Experimental Observations and Theoretical Analysis

Ocular dominance (OD) plasticity is a robust paradigm for examining the functional consequences of synaptic plasticity. Previous experimental and theoretical results have shown that OD plasticity can be accounted for by known synaptic plasticity mechanisms, using the assumption that deprivation by lid suture eliminates spatial structure in the deprived channel. Here we show that in the mouse, recovery from monocular lid suture can be obtained by subsequent binocular lid suture but not by dark rearing. This poses a significant challenge to previous theoretical results. We therefore performed simulations with a natural input environment appropriate for mouse visual cortex. In contrast to previous work we assume that lid suture causes degradation but not elimination of spatial structure, whereas dark rearing produces elimination of spatial structure. We present experimental evidence that supports this assumption, measuring responses through sutured lids in the mouse. The change in assumptions about the input environment is sufficient to account for new experimental observations, while still accounting for previous experimental results