Deep Over-sampling Framework for Classifying Imbalanced Data

Class imbalance is a challenging issue in practical classification problems for deep learning models as well as traditional models. Traditionally successful countermeasures such as synthetic over-sampling have had limited success with complex, structured data handled by deep learning models. In this paper, we propose Deep Over-sampling (DOS), a framework for extending the synthetic over-sampling method to exploit the deep feature space acquired by a convolutional neural network (CNN). Its key feature is an explicit, supervised representation learning, for which the training data presents each raw input sample with a synthetic embedding target in the deep feature space, which is sampled from the linear subspace of in-class neighbors. We implement an iterative process of training the CNN and updating the targets, which induces smaller in-class variance among the embeddings, to increase the discriminative power of the deep representation. We present an empirical study using public benchmarks, which shows that the DOS framework not only counteracts class imbalance better than the existing method, but also improves the performance of the CNN in the standard, balanced settings

Effects of Spent Cooling and Swirler Angle on a 9-point Swirl-Venturi Injector

This paper presents multipoint lean-direct-injection (LDI) emissions results for flame tube combustion tests at an inlet pressure of 1034 kPa and inlet temperatures between 835 and 865 K; these are the combustor inlet conditions that the High Speed Research (HSR) program used for supersonic cruise. It focuses on one class of LDI geometry, 9-point swirl-venturi LDI (SV-LDI). Two parameters are compared in this paper: the use of dome cooling air and the swirler blade angle. Dome cooling air is called 'spent cooling' and is at combustor inlet conditions. Three cooling variations are studied: cooling at the venturi throat, cooling at the dome face, and no cooling at all. Two swirler blade angles are studied: 45 deg and 60 deg. The HSR 9-point SV-LDI emissions are also compared to a similar 9-point SV-LDI design which was used in the later ultra-efficient engine technology (UEET) program. The HSR and UEET designs cannot be compared directly due to different UEET combustor conditions. Therefore, this paper uses previously published UEET correlation equations to make comparisons. Results show that using a 45 deg swirler produces lower NOx emissions than using a 60 deg swirler. This is consistent with the later UEET results. The effects of spent cooling depend on swirler angle, spent cooling location, and the test conditions. For the configuration with 45 deg swirlers, spent cooling delivers lower NOx emissions when it is injected at the throat. For the 60 deg swirler, spent cooling does not have much effect on NOx emissions. These results might be caused by the location and the intensity of the flame recirculation zone

Strain- and Adsorption-Dependent Electronic States and Transport or Localization in Graphene

The chapter generalizes results on influence of uniaxial strain and adsorption on the electron states and charge transport or localization in graphene with different configurations of imperfections (point defects): resonant (neutral) adsorbed atoms either oxygen- or hydrogen-containing molecules or functional groups, vacancies or substitutional atoms, charged impurity atoms or molecules, and distortions. To observe electronic properties of graphene-admolecules system, we applied electron paramagnetic resonance technique in a broad temperature range for graphene oxides as a good basis for understanding the electrotransport properties of other active carbons. Applied technique allowed observation of possible metal-insulator transition and sorption pumping effect as well as discussion of results in relation to the granular metal model. The electronic and transport properties are calculated within the framework of the tight-binding model along with the Kubo-Greenwood quantum-mechanical formalism. Depending on electron density and type of the sites, the conductivity for correlated and ordered adsorbates is found to be enhanced in dozens of times as compared to the cases of their random distribution. In case of the uniaxially strained graphene, the presence of point defects counteracts against or contributes to the band-gap opening according to their configurations. The band-gap behaviour is found to be nonmonotonic with strain in case of a simultaneous action of defect ordering and zigzag deformation. The amount of localized charge carriers (spins) is found to be correlated with the content of adsorbed centres responsible for the formation of potential barriers and, in turn, for the localization effects. Physical and chemical states of graphene edges, especially at a uniaxial strain along one of them, play a crucial role in electrical transport phenomena in graphene-based materials.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figure

Loss of heterozygosity in multistage carcinogenesis of esophageal carcinoma at high-incidence area in Henan Province, China

Aim: Microsatellites are the repeated DNA sequences scattered widely within the genomes and closely linked with many important genes. This study was designed to characterize the changes of microsatellite DNA loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in esophageal carcinogenesis. Methods: Allelic deletions in 32 cases of matched precancerous, cancerous and normal tissues were examined by syringe microdissection under an anatomic microscope and microsatellite polymorphism analysis using 15 polymorphic markers on chromosomes 3p, 5q, 6p, 9p, 13q, 17p, 17q and 18q. Results: Microsatellite DNA LOH was observed in precancerous and cancerous tissues, except D9S1752. The rate of LOH increased remarkably with the lesions progressed from basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (P60%). LOH loci were different in precancerous and cancerous tissues. LOH in D3S1234 and TP53 was the common event in different lesions from the same patients. Conclusion: Microsatellite DNA LOH occurs in early stage of human esophageal carcinogenesis, even in BCH. With the lesion progressed, gene instability increases, the accumulation of this change may be one of the important mechanisms driving precancerous lesions to cancer. © 2005 The WJG Press and Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.published_or_final_versio

Solar influenced late Holocene temperature changes on the northern Tibetan Plateau

Considerable efforts have been made to extend temperature records beyond the instrumental period through proxy reconstructions, in order to further understand the mechanisms of past climate variability. Yet, the global coverage of existing temperature records is still limited, especially for some key regions like the Tibetan Plateau and for earlier times including the Medieval Warm Period (MWP). Here we present decadally-resolved, alkenone-based, temperature records from two lakes on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Characterized by marked temperature variability, our records provide evidence that temperatures during the MWP were slightly higher than the modern period in this region. Further, our temperature reconstructions, within age uncertainty, can be well correlated with solar irradiance changes, suggesting a possible link between solar forcing and natural climate variability, at least on the northern Tibetan Plateau. © 2013 The Author(s).published_or_final_versio

Disparities and risks of sexually transmissible infections among men who have sex with men in China: a meta-analysis and data synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including Hepatitis B and C virus, are emerging public health risks in China, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). This study aims to assess the magnitude and risks of STIs among Chinese MSM. METHODS: Chinese and English peer-reviewed articles were searched in five electronic databases from January 2000 to February 2013. Pooled prevalence estimates for each STI infection were calculated using meta-analysis. Infection risks of STIs in MSM, HIV-positive MSM and male sex workers (MSW) were obtained. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. RESULTS: Eighty-eight articles (11 in English and 77 in Chinese) investigating 35,203 MSM in 28 provinces were included in this review. The prevalence levels of STIs among MSM were 6.3% (95% CI: 3.5-11.0%) for chlamydia, 1.5% (0.7-2.9%) for genital wart, 1.9% (1.3-2.7%) for gonorrhoea, 8.9% (7.8-10.2%) for hepatitis B (HBV), 1.2% (1.0-1.6%) for hepatitis C (HCV), 66.3% (57.4-74.1%) for human papillomavirus (HPV), 10.6% (6.2-17.6%) for herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) and 4.3% (3.2-5.8%) for Ureaplasma urealyticum. HIV-positive MSM have consistently higher odds of all these infections than the broader MSM population. As a subgroup of MSM, MSW were 2.5 (1.4-4.7), 5.7 (2.7-12.3), and 2.2 (1.4-3.7) times more likely to be infected with chlamydia, gonorrhoea and HCV than the broader MSM population, respectively. CONCLUSION: Prevalence levels of STIs among MSW were significantly higher than the broader MSM population. Co-infection of HIV and STIs were prevalent among Chinese MSM. Integration of HIV and STIs healthcare and surveillance systems is essential in providing effective HIV/STIs preventive measures and treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO NO: CRD42013003721

Characterization of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes at Glu-B3 and GluD3 loci and development of functional markers in common wheat

Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Civil, no ramo de Urbanismo, Ordenamento do Território e Transportes, apresentada ao Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Coimbra.O ruído provocado pelo tráfego rodoviário, pelas suas graves consequências a diferentes níveis e pelas proporções crescentes de populações afetadas, é um problema que vem sendo considerado, em cada vez mais países, como uma das prioridades na definição de políticas de garantia das condições de bem-estar e saúde pública. Historicamente, diferentes abordagens têm sido adotadas para mitigar esse problema. Entre aquelas habitualmente associadas à Engenharia Civil, pode-se dizer que a utilização de barreiras acústicas será aquela que maior divulgação tem tido. Mais recentemente vem-se observando um interesse crescente no uso, em alternativa ou em complemento às barreiras, de pavimentos rodoviários que conduzam a menores níveis de ruído na sua origem, sendo ainda de referir a aplicação de elementos com maiores capacidades de isolamento sonoro em edifícios submetidos a tal ruído, em regra como última opção. Na presente tese, após uma síntese referente a diferentes aspetos do ruído de origem rodoviária e do reconhecimento da importância da sua caracterização, no contexto das soluções de pavimentação rodoviária mais correntes a nível nacional, para poder justificar determinadas opções no sentido da sua mitigação, foi dada especial atenção à análise de barreiras acústicas de um tipo relativamente inovador, concretizadas por estruturas resultantes da utilização, numa organização geométrica periódica, de elementos cilíndricos verticais, conhecidas como ‘cristais sónicos’. Sendo uma área de estudo cujo início remonta ao final da década de 1980, a sua aplicação no contexto de barreiras acústicas rodoviárias começou a ser sugerida já no início deste século, tendo, desde então, vindo a merecer o interesse de diversos investigadores com trabalhos relativos a diferentes aspetos de tal aplicação. Tal interesse deve-se à particularidade de, em tais estruturas, a propagação de ondas sonoras poder ser afetada, e mesmo impedida, em determinadas bandas de frequência (conhecidas por ‘band gaps’), em função das propriedades físicas e geométricas dos elementos que as consubstanciam e da sua organização periódica. Na medida em que uma escolha criteriosa daquelas propriedades permitirá ajustar o desempenho acústico de barreiras deste tipo, avaliado pela atenuação sonora proporcionada, às características espectrais específicas de determinado ruído incidente, tais barreiras poderão, assim, configurar uma estratégia de atenuação seletiva do ruído de origem rodoviária. No âmbito deste trabalho, pretendeu-se estudar tal possibilidade, partindo da resolução da equação de Helmholtz de modo a analisar de que forma a propagação de ondas sonoras pode ser afetada pela presença de tais estruturas. Para o efeito, foi proposta uma metodologia de cálculo para prever o desempenho acústico de cristais sónicos, de modo a simular os fenómenos de dispersão acústica, ou outros, que determinados atributos concretos dessas estruturas poderão desencadear. O principal aspeto inovador desta tese prende-se com a utilização de uma técnica de modelação numérica, o Método das Soluções Fundamentais, aplicada à avaliação do desempenho de tais barreiras, julgando-se poder, desta forma, apresentar um contributo importante na modelação eficiente deste tipo de estruturas. A validação da modelação proposta, realizada por comparação de resultados relativos à atenuação sonora proporcionada, quer com outros métodos numéricos quer com recurso a medições experimentais num modelo reduzido, revelou um muito bom ajustamento entre os vários resultados. Tendo-se, ainda, analisado a possibilidade de otimizar o referido desempenho dos cristais sónicos enquanto soluções de barreiras acústicas rodoviárias, alterando alguns dos seus parâmetros definidores através da variação das suas características orgânicas, pôde-se concluir que os resultados obtidos sugerem que tal poderá, de facto, ser levado a cabo utilizando a modelação proposta, o que abre todo o quadro de resolução do problema do ruído rodoviário junto à ocupação humana a uma forma menos perturbadora da envolvente paisagística do que a proporcionada pelas barreiras acústicas tradicionais.Road traffic noise, due to its severe consequences at different levels and the increasing proportions of affected populations, is a problem that is being considered, at an increasing number of countries, as a priority in defining welfare and public health related policies. Historically, different approaches have been taken to mitigate this problem. Among those most commonly associated with civil engineering, the use of noise barriers is arguably the one that has seen a more widespread dissemination. More recently an increasing interest in the use of road surfaces for traffic noise control at its source, as an alternative to or together with barriers, has been witnessed, and the use of façade sound insulation solutions in dwellings affected by such noise, generally as a last resource measure, should also be mentioned. In this thesis, after an overview regarding the different aspects of road traffic noise and acknowledgment of the importance of its characterization, in the context of most commonly used road surfacing solutions at national level, in order to justify the choices of specific measures for its mitigation, special attention was given to the analysis of a somewhat innovative type of acoustic barriers, known as 'sonic crystals', attained by structures presenting periodic arrays of vertical cylindrical elements, or scatterers. Being a field of study whose beginning dates back to the late 1980s, its application as road noise barriers was suggested at the beginning of this century and, since then, it has interested many researchers, working on different aspects of such application. Such interest is due to a feature, in such structures, where the sound propagation can be affected and even prohibited, in some frequency ranges (known as "band gaps"), depending both on the physical and geometric properties of the elements which consubstantiate it and on the periodicity of the array. To the extent that a specific combination of those properties will bring up the possibility to tune the acoustical performance of sonic crystals, measured by its insertion loss, to the specific spectral characteristics of a particular incident noise, these barriers can therefore configure a strategy in order to implement a selective attenuation of road traffic noise. In this work such possibilities were studied, based on the use of the Helmholtz equation in order to analyze how the propagation of sound waves can be affected by the presence of such structures. To this end, a methodology was proposed to predict the acoustic performance of sonic crystals, in order to simulate the acoustic dispersion and other phenomena, which certain specific attributes of those structures are likely to produce. The validation of the proposed model was carried out by comparing the insertion loss results it provided, with those delivered by either other numerical methods or by experimental measurements on a scale model, which revealed a very good fit between the various results. Having also examined the prospect of optimizing the performance of such sonic crystals when used as road noise barriers solutions, changing some of its defining parameters by varying their organic characteristics, it was concluded that the obtained results suggest that this may, in fact, be carried out by using the proposed model, which opens up the whole framework of solving the problem of road noise next to human settlement at a less disruptive form of the surrounding landscape than is provided by using traditional acoustic barriers.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologi

Planet Populations as a Function of Stellar Properties

Exoplanets around different types of stars provide a window into the diverse environments in which planets form. This chapter describes the observed relations between exoplanet populations and stellar properties and how they connect to planet formation in protoplanetary disks. Giant planets occur more frequently around more metal-rich and more massive stars. These findings support the core accretion theory of planet formation, in which the cores of giant planets form more rapidly in more metal-rich and more massive protoplanetary disks. Smaller planets, those with sizes roughly between Earth and Neptune, exhibit different scaling relations with stellar properties. These planets are found around stars with a wide range of metallicities and occur more frequently around lower mass stars. This indicates that planet formation takes place in a wide range of environments, yet it is not clear why planets form more efficiently around low mass stars. Going forward, exoplanet surveys targeting M dwarfs will characterize the exoplanet population around the lowest mass stars. In combination with ongoing stellar characterization, this will help us understand the formation of planets in a large range of environments.Comment: Accepted for Publication in the Handbook of Exoplanet

Search For Heavy Pointlike Dirac Monopoles

We have searched for central production of a pair of photons with high transverse energies in $p\bar p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 1.8$ TeV using $70 pb^{-1}$ of data collected with the D\O detector at the Fermilab Tevatron in 1994--1996. If they exist, virtual heavy pointlike Dirac monopoles could rescatter pairs of nearly real photons into this final state via a box diagram. We observe no excess of events above background, and set lower 95% C.L. limits of $610, 870, or 1580 GeV/c^2$ on the mass of a spin 0, 1/2, or 1 Dirac monopole.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure