Skill Formation Strategies for Sustaining 'The Drive to Maturity' in Pakistan.

This paper outlines some problems in the articulation of a national skill formation strategy seeking to sustain ‘the drive to maturity’ of the Pakistan economy. We examine the thought of two economists—Adam Smith and Amartya Sen—to identify market-, society-, and state-related skills that they theorise as necessary for sustaining an economy’s ‘drive to maturity’. We then briefly outline Michel Foucault’s social theory to contextualise these skill formation paradigms within the institutional structure characteristic of mature capitalism. We argue that integration within global capitalist order leaves little room for the articulation of such a skill formation national strategy. Pakistan is therefore likely to share the fate of the majority of the under-developed countries which are experiencing de-skilling and detechonolgising

An OpenMP Based Approach for Parallelization and Performance Evaluation of k-Means Algorithm

In today’s digital world, the volume of data is drastically increasing due to the continuous flow of data from various heterogenous sources such as WWW, social media, environmental sensors, huge enterprise data warehouses, bioinformatic labs etc. to name a few. This results in creation of many high-volume datasets in various domains. Processing such large datasets is a tedious task, therefore they need to be categorized into smaller subsets using various supervised or unsupervised classification techniques. Clustering is the process of statistically analyzing and categorizing data objects with similarity, into substantially homogeneous groups, called data clusters. k-Means is the most common, simple and popular clustering technique, due to its ease of implementation, usability and wide range of applications. One of the issues associated with the k-Means algorithm is that it suffers from the scalability problem due to which, its performance degrades as the dataset sizes grow.  In order to address this issue, we have presented an OpenMP based parallelized k-means algorithm which results in better computational cost as compared with its sequential counterpart. Computational performance results of both sequential and OpenMP based k-means algorithms are illustrated and compared

HISTOPATHOLOGY IMAGE CLASSIFICATION USING HYBRID PARALLEL STRUCTURED DEEP-CNN MODELS

The healthcare industry is one of the many out there that could majorly benefit from advancement in the technology it utilizes. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are especially integral and specifically deep learning (DL); a highly useful data-driven technology. It is applied in a variety of different methods but it mainly depends on the structure of the available data. However, with varying applications, this technology produces data in different contexts with particular connotations. Reports which are the images of scans play a great role in identifying the existence of the disease in a patient. Further, the automation in processing these images using technology like CNN-based models makes it highly efficient in reducing human errors otherwise resulting in large data. Hence this study presents a hybrid deep learning architecture to classify the histopathology images to identify the presence of cancer in a patient. Further, the proposed models are parallelized using the TensorFlow-GPU framework to accelerate the training of these deep CNN (Convolution Neural Networks) architectures. This study uses the transfer learning technique during training and early stopping criteria are used to avoid overfitting during the training phase. these models use LSTM parallel layer imposed in the model to experiment with four considered architectures such as MobileNet, VGG16, and ResNet with 101 and 152 layers. The experimental results produced by these hybrid models show that the capability of Hybrid ResNet101 and Hybrid ResNet152 architectures are highly suitable with an accuracy of 90% and 92%. Finally, this study concludes that the proposed Hybrid ResNet-152 architecture is highly efficient in classifying the histopathology images. The proposed study has conducted a well-focused and detailed experimental study which will further help researchers to understand the deep CNN architectures to be applied in application development

Skill Formation Strategies for Sustaining ‘The Drive to Maturity’ in Pakistan

Skill formation is a multi-faceted process. Skills are necessarily (by definition) instrumental—i.e. means for the achievement of a metaphysically defined objective. In Modernity,1 this metaphysical presupposed ‘rational’ purpose of existence (both individual and societal) is freedom [Kant (2001)]. In the history of Modernity, the primary source of the growth of freedom has been capital accumulation.2 A nation committed to Modernity (‘Enlightened Moderation’) is necessarily committed to articulating a skill formation strategy which can transform ‘human being’ into ‘human capital’. This transformation requires three distinct types of skills: individual, communitarian and political. This is because capitalism is not just a ‘lifeworld’ in the Habermasian sense but a system [Foucault (1976)]. Capitalist individuality requires a prioritisation of the preference for preference itself (‘choice’) over all preferences. This is necessary for the internalisation of capitalist norms (the commitment to profit/utility maximisation and competition to achieve this end). Capitalist individuality must also posses the skills which allow it to rationally identify and pursue its interest in the market and in the firm. It must also have the selfdiscipline to function as a diligent and co-operative participant in the capitalist work process

Governing the Labour Market: The Impossibility of Corporatist Reforms

This paper argues that a return to corporatist governance structures is impossible in Pakistan. Section 1 outlines neo-classical labour market regulation rationalities presented by Hayek, Wieser, and Sen. Section 2 compares and contrasts Fordist and Post-Fordist modes of labour market regulation. And Section 3 seeks to establish the impossibility of institutionalising corporatist governance structures in the labour markets of Pakistan. Neo-classical theory sees relations between labour and the representatives of capital (‘managers’) as relations created spontaneously by individuals in the pursuit of their rational self-interest. The capitalist individual, be he labourer or manager, defines ‘maximisation of utility’ as his ‘rational self interest’, and order within the labour market requires a reconciliation of individual (the labourer’s) and aggregate (the manager’s) utility maximisation (with aggregate utility maximisation being represented by shareholders value). Labour market order is thus impeded if

Evaluation of deficit irrigation regime, row spacing and dual plantation of drip irrigated tomato under high tunnel

The present study was carried out at Water Management Research Centre, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to investigate the effect of row spacing, deficit irrigation and dual plantation on tomato yield grown in high tunnel under polyethylene black mulch and drip irrigation system. The field experiment layout comprised of three rows spacing (S1, S2 and S3) as (0.45, 0.60, and 0.75 m respectively) and two irrigation levels (I1 and I2) as (100% and 75% of required irrigation respectively). In addition, a dual plantation treatment spaced at 0.45 m was also investigated under both irrigation levels. Results showed that the total fruit yield was significantly influenced by row spacing and irrigation level, however, their interaction was non-significant. The 100% irrigation gave 6.53, 4.49, and 5.94% more yield than 75% irrigation treatment under 0.45, 0.60, and 0.75 m row spacing, respectively. However, the irrigation water use efficiency was found to be higher in deficit treatment (75% irrigation) by 25.16, 27.60, and 25.86% than full irrigation treatments under 0.45, 0.60, and 0.75 m row spacing, respectively. The results of single and dual plantation showed that dual plantation increased the fruit yield by 7.62 and 11.28% than the single plantation under full and deficit irrigation respectively and covering approximately the same area