In vivo and in vitro effect of imipramine and fluoxetine on Na+,K+-ATPase activity in synaptic plasma membranes from the cerebral cortex of rats

The effects of in vivo chronic treatment and in vitro addition of imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, or fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on the cortical membrane-bound Na+,K+-ATPase activity were studied. Adult Wistar rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg of imipramine or fluoxetine for 14 days. Twelve hours after the last injection rats were decapitated and synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) from cerebral cortex were prepared to determine Na+,K+-ATPase activity. There was a significant decrease (10%) in enzyme activity after imipramine but fluoxetine treatment caused a significant increase (27%) in Na+,K+-ATPase activity compared to control (P<0.05, ANOVA; N = 7 for each group). When assayed in vitro, the addition of both drugs to SPM of naive rats caused a dose-dependent decrease in enzyme activity, with the maximal inhibition (60-80%) occurring at 0.5 mM. We suggest that a) imipramine might decrease Na+,K+-ATPase activity by altering membrane fluidity, as previously proposed, and b) stimulation of this enzyme might contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of fluoxetine, since brain Na+,K+-ATPase activity is decreased in bipolar patients

Vascular complications of black patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Southern Brazil

Ethnicity has been shown to be associated with micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes in European and North American populations. We analyzed the contribution of ethnicity to the prevalence of micro- and macrovascular complications in Brazilian subjects with type 2 diabetes attending the national public health system. Data from 1810 subjects with type 2 diabetes (1512 whites and 298 blacks) were analyzed cross-sectionally. The rates of ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, distal sensory neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy were assessed according to self-reported ethnicity using multiple logistic regression models. Compared to whites, black subjects [odds ratio = 1.72 (95%CI = 1.14-2.6)] were more likely to have ischemic heart disease when data were adjusted for age, sex, fasting plasma glucose, HDL cholesterol, hypertension, smoking habit, and serum creatinine. Blacks were also more likely to have end-stage renal disease [3.2 (1.7-6.0)] and proliferative diabetic retinopathy [1.9 (1.1-3.2)] compared to whites when data were adjusted for age, sex, fasting plasma glucose, HDL cholesterol, hypertension, and smoking habit. The rates of peripheral vascular disease, stroke and distal sensory neuropathy did not differ between groups. The higher rates of ischemic heart disease, end-stage renal disease and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in black rather than in white Brazilians were not explained by differences in conventional risk factors. Identifying which aspects of ethnicity confer a higher risk for these complications in black patients is crucial in order to understand why such differences exist and to develop more effective strategies to reduce the onset and progression of these complications

Potencial competitivo de cultivares de soja em relação às plantas daninhas

A utilização de métodos culturais no manejo de plantas daninhas é sempre importante dentro de sistemas agrícolas conservacionistas e que visam uma menor quantidade de herbicidas no ambiente. A escolha de cultivares mais competitivos com as espécies infestantes é mais uma ferramenta dentro do manejo integrado de plantas daninhas em lavouras de soja, bem como em outras culturas. Com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial competitivo de cultivares de soja difundidos no sudoeste de Goiás, em relação às plantas daninhas, visando recomendá-los para cultivo em áreas com histórico de alta densidade de espécies infestantes, foram conduzidos dois experimentos a campo em Rio Verde, GO, sendo avaliados quatro cultivares de soja de ciclo precoce no experimento 1: Monsoy 6101, Monsoy 8001, Emgopa 316 e Coodetec 204; e quatro de ciclo médio no experimento 2: Conquista, Codetec 211, Emgopa 315 e Vencedora. Também foram avaliados dois tipos de manejo de plantas daninhas: área capinada manualmente (sem plantas daninhas) e área não-capinada (com infestação de plantas daninhas). Aos 16, 25 e 46 dias após a semeadura (DAS), avaliaram-se a altura média e a biomassa seca de plantas; aos 63 DAS, a porcentagem de cobertura do solo pelos cultivares de soja; e, ao final do ciclo, o rendimento de grãos. Todos os cultivares de soja, de ciclo precoce ou médio, exibiram queda no rendimento de grãos com o nãocontrole das plantas daninhas. Emgopa 316 e Coodetec 204 mostraram ser mais competitivos, entre os de ciclo precoce, no controle de plantas daninhas. O mesmo aconteceu com o cultivar Emgopa 315, entre os de ciclo médio. Estes últimos são os mais indicados para serem cultivados em áreas com maior incidência de plantas daninhas