Cross-Bridge Kelvin resistor structures for reliable measurement of low contact resistances and contact interface characterization

The parasitic factors that strongly influence the measurement accuracy of Cross-Bridge Kelvin Resistor (CBKR) structures for low specific contact resistances (rhoc) have been extensively discussed during last few decades and the minimum of the rhoc value, which could be accurately extracted, was estimated. We fabricated a set of various metal-to-metal CBKR structures with different geometries, i.e., shapes and dimensions, to confirm this limit experimentally and to create a method for contact metal-to-metal interface characterization. As a result, a model was developed to account for the actual current flow and a method for reliable rhoc extraction was created. This method allowed to characterize metal-to-metal contact interface. It was found that in the case of ideal metal-to-metal contacts, the measured CBKR contact resistance was determined by the dimensions of the two-metal stack in the area of contact and sheet resistances of the metals used

Cross-bidge Kelvin resistor (CBKR) structures for measurement of low contact resistances

A convenient test structure for measurement of the specific contact resistance (ρc) of metal-semiconductor junctions is the CBKR structure. During last few decades the parasitic factors which may strongly affect the measurements accuracy for ρc < 10-6 Ω • cm2 have been sufficiently discussed and the minimum of the ρc to be measured using CBKR structures was estimated. We fabricated a set of CBKR structures with different geometries to confirm this limit experimentally. These structures were manufactured for metal-to-metal contacts. It was found that the extracted CBKR values were determined by dimensions of the two-metal stack in the contact area and sheet resistances of the metals used. \ud Index Terms—Contact resistance, cross-bridge Kelvin resistor (CBKR), sheet resistance, test structures, metal, silico

Проблемы феминизма в творчестве О.А. Шапир

В статье анализируются феминистические идеи О. Шапир, изложенные в публицистических, литературно-критических статьях, воплощенные в женских образах художественных призведений.У статті аналізуються феміністичні ідеї О. Шапір, викладені в публіцистиці, в літературно-критичних статтях, втілені в жіночих образах художніх творів.The given article dwells upon the feministic ideas of O. Shapir represented in publicistics and literary criticism and embodied in female characters of her worle

Visions of vision: governments, companies, activists and how they deal with visibility, transparency and surveillance

In recent years, the demand for more transparency and less surveillance is omnipresent. This demand implies that surveillance and transparency have no overlap. While surveillance has been extensively researched by scholars such as Foucault, Ganascia and Mann, transparency is more often invoked that defined. This study investigates several attempts at transparency from a wide variety of fields and elaborates on their advantages and disadvantages. It is argued that there are structural differences in various attempts at transparency. Nevertheless, transparency is not inherently good and can easily be turned into a system of surveillance

MALDI imaging and profiling MS of higher mass proteins from tissue.

peer reviewe

Infections after auxiliary partial liver transplantation. Experiences in the first ten patients

Summary In ten auxiliary partial liver transplant recipients selective bowel decontamination (SBD) was used to reduce infections due to gram-negative microorganisms and fungi. During SBD no gram-negative infections occurred. Candida peritonitis was observed in one patient. After discontinuation of SBD serious infections of gram-negative origin did occur and three fungal infections were seen. SBD seems to have a favourable effect in reducing infections by gram-negative microorganisms and fungi. Most striking was the number of enterococcal infections that occurred. Five out of ten patients developed enterococcal infections which in two cases contributed to a fatal outcome. These infections occurred after increase of the number of enterococci in faeces and concomitant positive cultures of bile, ascites or wound drains. This increase could be due to the use of SBD. Also, the kind of biliary anastomosis may play an important role in the relatively high incidence of enterococcal infections. In the postoperative period, recurrence of hepatitis B infection in the liver graft was observed in all patients with cirrhosis due to this virus. Problems caused by other viral infections or protozoal infections remained limited in these ten patients. Zusammenfassung Bei Patienten, bei denen eine auxiliäre, partielle Lebertransplantation durchgeführt wurde, wurde die selektive Darmdekontamination (SBD) eingesetzt, um Infektionen durch gramnegative Mikroorganismen und Pilze zu vermindern. Während SBD traten keine Infektionen durch gramnegative Bakterien auf. Bei einem Patienten wurde eine Candida-Peritonitis beobachtet. Nach Beendigung der SBD kam es zu schweren Infektionen durch gramnegative Bakterien, außerdem zu drei Pilzinfektionen. SBD hat offensichtlich einen günstigen Einfluß im Hinblick auf eine Verminderung von Infektionen durch gramnegative Erreger und Pilze. Bemerkenswert hoch war die Zahl der aufgetretenen Enterokokkeninfektionen. Bei fünf der zehn Patienten traten Enterokokkeninfektionen auf, die in zwei Fällen den letalen Ausgang mitbestimmten. Diesen Infektionen gingen ein Anstieg der Enterokokkenzahlen im Stuhl und zugleich positive Kulturen in Galle, Aszites und Wunddrainagen voraus. Es ist möglich, daß die SBD die Zunahme von Enterokokkeninfektionen begünstigte. Auch die Art der Gallengangsanastomose kann hierzu wesentlich beigetragen haben. Bei allen Patienten, bei denen die Zirrhose durch Hepatitis B Virus verursacht war, kam es postoperativ zu einem Rezidiv durch dieses Virus im Lebertransplantat. Probleme durch andere virale oder Protozoeninfektionen hielten sich bei diesen zehn Patienten in Grenzen