Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Detector Conceptual Design Report

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international, world-class experiment aimed at exploring fundamental questions about the universe that are at the forefront of astrophysics and particle physics research. DUNE will study questions pertaining to the preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of supernovae, the subtleties of neutrino interaction physics, and a number of beyond the Standard Model topics accessible in a powerful neutrino beam. A critical component of the DUNE physics program involves the study of changes in a powerful beam of neutrinos, i.e., neutrino oscillations, as the neutrinos propagate a long distance. The experiment consists of a near detector, sited close to the source of the beam, and a far detector, sited along the beam at a large distance. This document, the DUNE Near Detector Conceptual Design Report (CDR), describes the design of the DUNE near detector and the science program that drives the design and technology choices. The goals and requirements underlying the design, along with projected performance are given. It serves as a starting point for a more detailed design that will be described in future documents.</jats:p

Hysteroscopy During Menopause

Menopause is characterized by permanent cessation of menstrual periods, and clinically defined after 12 months of complete amenorrhea. It occurs at a median age of 51 alongside with the physiological process of ageing, although it can happen at an earlier age for other medical conditions or after surgery (surgical menopause). Due to reduced estrogen and progesterone levels, reproductive organs undergo progressive atrophy. This reflects also at endometrial level: without the cyclic hormonal actions of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium in menopause becomes atrophic. Nevertheless, many other intrauterine pathologies, such as endometrial or cervical polyps, submucous myomas, and uterine septa, may all be diagnosed during menopause. In addition, the possibility offered by hormone replacement therapy modifies the endometrium, which may proliferate under hormonal stimuli. In this chapter we report common scenarios observed during hysteroscopy in postmenopausal women, with emphasis on indications, diagnostic/therapeutic role of hysteroscopy when performed during menopause, and limits of the technique