Surgical treatment of neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a transient dysfunction caused by the damage of peripheral nerve and central nervous system, characterized with hyperalgesia, allodynia and spontaneous pain. Surgical treatment of neuropathic pain has experienced a long process, and plays an important role. This paper reviews recent documents of surgical techniques in the treatment of neuropathic pain. There are three kinds of surgical techniques: neuromodulation, microsurgical lesions and nerve decompression

Experimental unconditionally secure bit commitment

Bit commitment is a fundamental cryptographic task that guarantees a secure commitment between two mutually mistrustful parties and is a building block for many cryptographic primitives, including coin tossing, zero-knowledge proofs, oblivious transfer and secure two-party computation. Unconditionally secure bit commitment was thought to be impossible until recent theoretical protocols that combine quantum mechanics and relativity were shown to elude previous impossibility proofs. Here we implement such a bit commitment protocol. In the experiment, the committer performs quantum measurements using two quantum key distribution systems and the results are transmitted via free-space optical communication to two agents separated with more than 20 km. The security of the protocol relies on the properties of quantum information and relativity theory. We show that, in each run of the experiment, a bit is successfully committed with less than 5.68*10^-2 cheating probability. Our result demonstrates unconditionally secure bit commitment and the experimental feasibility of relativistic quantum communication.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figure

Impulse-based reciprocal measurement of the transfer functions of underwater structure

An impulse-based reciprocal method is proposed for measuring the transfer functions of underwater structure. This method uses an impulse sound source, and the volume velocity of source is derived from the detected sound pressure. The influences of the reverberant sound field on the detected sound pressure are eliminated by an operation with time gates. Numerical simulation verifies that this impulses-based reciprocal measurement can obtain results with accuracy similar to the traditional reciprocal measurement method using electromagnetic source. Because much less time is required in the impulse-based measurement, the time efficiency is boosted. This method is also validated in a lake experiment, and the experimental result shows that the influences of the reverberant field on the derived volume velocity are eliminated

Source-Frequency Phase-Referencing Observation of AGNs with KaVA Using Simultaneous Dual-Frequency Receiving

The KVN(Korean VLBI Network)-style simultaneous multi-frequency receiving mode is demonstrated to be promising for mm-VLBI observations. Recently, other Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) facilities all over the globe start to implement compatible optics systems. Simultaneous dual/multi-frequency VLBI observations at mm wavelengths with international baselines are thus possible. In this paper, we present the results from the first successful simultaneous 22/43 GHz dual-frequency observation with KaVA(KVN and VERA array), including images and astrometric results. Our analysis shows that the newly implemented simultaneous receiving system has brought a significant extension of the coherence time of the 43 GHz visibility phases along the international baselines. The astrometric results obtained with KaVA are consistent with those obtained with the independent analysis of the KVN data. Our results thus confirm the good performance of the simultaneous receiving systems for the non-KVN stations. Future simultaneous observations with more global stations bring even higher sensitivity and micro-arcsecond level astrometric measurements of the targets.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, Published in JKA

3-(4-Meth­oxy­phen­yl)pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine

In the title mol­ecule, C14H11N3O, the benzene ring is twisted by 14.0 (2)° from the plane through the fused ring system. In the crystal, π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.609 (1), 3.639 (1) and 3.735 (1) Å] form stacks of mol­ecules propagating along the b axis. The crystal packing is further stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds

2-(4-Fluoro­phen­yl)quinoxaline

In the title compound, C14H9FN2, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the quinoxaline ring system is 22.2 (3)°. Any aromatic π–π stacking in the crystal must be very weak, with a minimum centroid–centroid separation of 3.995 (2) Å

A Sequential Monte Carlo Approach to Anomaly Detection in Tracking Visual Events

In this paper we propose a technique to detect anomalies in both individual and interactive event sequences. Anoma-lies are categorized into two classes: abnormal event, and abnormal context. We model these two kinds of anomalies in the Sequential Monte Carlo framework which is extended by Markov Random Field for tracking interactive events. Firstly, we propose a novel pixel-wise event representation method to construct feature images, in which each blob cor-responds to a visual event. Then we transform the origi-nal blob-level features into subspaces to model probabilistic appearance manifolds for each event-class. With the proba-bility of an observation associated with each event-class (or state) derived from probabilistic manifolds and state transi-tional probability, the prior and posterior state distributions can be estimated. We demonstrate in experiments that the approach can reliably detect such anomalies with low false alarm rates. 1

Methyl 4-(5-meth­oxy-1H-indol-3-yl)benzoate

In the title compound, C17H15NO3, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the indole ring system is 22.5 (3)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯π and C—H⋯O inter­actions