Green Cellular Networks: A Survey, Some Research Issues and Challenges

Energy efficiency in cellular networks is a growing concern for cellular operators to not only maintain profitability, but also to reduce the overall environment effects. This emerging trend of achieving energy efficiency in cellular networks is motivating the standardization authorities and network operators to continuously explore future technologies in order to bring improvements in the entire network infrastructure. In this article, we present a brief survey of methods to improve the power efficiency of cellular networks, explore some research issues and challenges and suggest some techniques to enable an energy efficient or "green" cellular network. Since base stations consume a maximum portion of the total energy used in a cellular system, we will first provide a comprehensive survey on techniques to obtain energy savings in base stations. Next, we discuss how heterogeneous network deployment based on micro, pico and femto-cells can be used to achieve this goal. Since cognitive radio and cooperative relaying are undisputed future technologies in this regard, we propose a research vision to make these technologies more energy efficient. Lastly, we explore some broader perspectives in realizing a "green" cellular network technologyComment: 16 pages, 5 figures, 2 table

Flexible QoS Support in DVB-RCS2

Postprin

Trends of Trade Disputes During the WTO Regime

Patterns and trends of trade disputes reveal vital information about the users of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Despite WTO has detailed guidelines regarding how the multilateral trade should be practiced by the Member Countries, the DSU is the ultimate Agreement that promises fair justice against unfair trade practices. Analyses of trade disputes show that the developed countries use the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) more than the developing or the newly industrialized countries. The rate of participation of the least-developed countries (LDC) in the dispute settlement process is particularly very low. The direction of disputes shows that the disputes are mostly targeted to the developed countries. All categories of countries- i.e. developed, developing, newly industrialized and transitional economies- lodged disputes against the developed countries more frequently compared to the disputes they lodged against other categories of countries. This indicates that developed countries are targeted in the trade disputes. However, the rate of winning disputes for the developed countries is also higher than those of the other categories. This indicates that despite the developed countries are targeted in the disputes, they manage to survive quite successfully.

Next Generation Satellite Broadband for enabling Universal Service Commitment

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

PERANAN LETNAN KOLONEL EDDIE SOEKARDI PADA MASA DAN SETELAH REVOLUSI KEMERDEKAAN INDONESIA TAHUN 1945-1958

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai peranan Eddie Soekardi dalam berbagai peristiwa sekitar revolusi kemerdekaan Indonesia, hingga dia menjabat di instansi kemiliteran sampai dia pensiun. Adapun permasalahan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah “ Bagaimana Peranan Letnan Kolonel Eddie Soekardi Pada Masa dan Setelah Revolusi Kemerdekaan Indonesia Tahun 1945-1958 ?”. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode historis dengan melakukan empat langkah penelitian yaitu, heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Sedangkan teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data yaitu setudi literatur dengan mengkaji sumber-sumber yang berhubungan dengan permasalahan penelitian, serta wawancara terhadap beberapa narasumber yang relevan. Berdasarkan penelitian, didapatkan beberapa kesimpulan. Pertama, penculikan yang dilakukan oleh tentara Jepang terhadap Eddie Soekardi pada akhirnya melahirkan seorang pemimpin Resimen yang mampu menghadang pasukan pemenang Perang Dunia II, bila mana penculikan ini tidak terjadi, mungkin nama Letnan Kolonel Eddie Soekardi juga tidak akan pernah ada. Kedua, peranan Eddie Soekardi pada masa revolusi kemerdekaan Indonesia dibuktikan dengan keterlibatannya dalam beberapa peristiwa penting sekitar perang kemerdekaan. Berawal dari peristiwa pertempuran Bojongkokosan yang berhasil Eddie menangkan meskipun harus melawan pasukan pemenang Perang Dunia II, keberhasilan itu karena keterampilan Eddie dalam menyusun strategi perang dengan memperhitungkan kondisi medan perang dan kondisi prajuritnya. Selain itu, dalam perjalanan Hijrah Siliwangi Eddie menciptakan sebuah lagu March Siliwangi yang pada saat itu sangat populer di kalangan pasukan Siliwangi. Selama Hijrah Eddie Soekardi berhasil menumpas pemberontakan yang dilakukan oleh PKI-Muso di Madiun, keahliannya dalam menyusun strategi kembali Eddie tunjukan, kurang dari dua minggu kota Madiun yang menjadi sarang PKI-Muso dapat diambil kembali oleh pasukan Siliwangi. Tidak lama setelah peristiwa Madiun pasukan Siliwangi kembali ke Jawa Barat dengan melakukan Long March, pasukan Eddie berhasil menguasai Ciamis dari tangan DI-TII yang mencoba mendirikan negara baru di Indonesia. Ketiga, pasca revolusi kemerdekaan Indonesia, Eddie Soekardi bekerja di berbagai Dinas kemiliteran seperti di Kodam Tanjung Pura, Direktur Perhubngan Angkatan Darat dan menjadi Komandan Pusat Pendidikan Infanteri. Apa yang telah Eddie lakukan selama menjabat di berbagai Dinas kemiliteran masih bisa kita lihat hingga saat ini.;--- In this research examine are Edi Soekardi on the Incidents of Indonesian Independence Revolution until He officiate in military establishments to he is pension. The problem if the research is “ how to the role of Lt. Col. Edi Soekardi in Period and after revolution of independence of Indonesian (1945-1958). The method of the research is history method with four step research. Are Heuristic, Criticism , Interpretation, and Historiography. For the technique use on data accumulation is study of literature by examining the sources related of research problem and interview with several source that relevant. Base on the research can be conclude. First abdication with conducted by Japanese soldiers to Edi Soekardi eventually got a leader a regiment where able to block the troop victor of world war II. If adduction never been maybe Lt. Col. Edi Soekardi there will never be. Second, Edi Soekardi during the Indonesian Independence Revolution proved with involvement with are several history that important of war of Independence the begins from History of Bonongkokosan that succeed he was won. Although should be against the winner troop if world war II. It because He is skill in formulation strategies with calculating battlefield condition and condition of troops. On the way he created the song is “march Siliwangi“ that most popular in Siliwangi’s people. During the hijrah he can be able to insurgency from PKI-Muso retrievable by Siliwangi’s troops. After it the Siliwangi’s troops back to Jawa Barat by doing “ long March “ Edi’s troops succeed dominate Ciamis from DI-TTI that try establish the new state in Indonesia. The Third, after the reform of Indonesian Independence Edi Soekardi worked on the Various Military Service, such us in Kodam Tanjung. Director of Communications of the Army and the Commander of Infantry Education Center . What has Eddie did while serving in various military Agency can still be seen today