A STUDY ON FAMILY PLANNING BEHAVIOURS AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE MARRIED WOMEN IN MINGALARDON TOWNSHIP (Zin Naing Soe, 2023)

Family planning is the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. The study is to analyze family planning and related factors among reproductive age married women in Mingalardon Township, Yangon Region. The objectives of the study are to identify the use of family planning for reproductive age married women and examine the predisposing factors (knowledge and attitude), enabling factors and reinforcing factors for reproductive age married women towards family planning. The study is conducted of sample 269 married women of reproductive age with structured questionnaire. It is found that most respondents receive their preferred family planning method. Most of the respondents still do not use long-term contraceptives because they are afraid of inserting them into the body. It is found that some respondents have a plan to have more children in the future so they are worried about the side effects of contraceptives pills and injectables. Most of reproductive age married women have accessed their modern contraceptive methods from the private sector

Quasilocal energy for rotating charged black hole solutions in general relativity and string theory

We explore the (non)-universality of Martinez's conjecture, originally proposed for Kerr black holes, within and beyond general relativity. The conjecture states that the Brown-York quasilocal energy at the outer horizon of such a black hole reduces to twice its irreducible mass, or equivalently, to \sqrt{A} /(2\sqrt{pi}), where `A' is its area. We first consider the charged Kerr black hole. For such a spacetime, we calculate the quasilocal energy within a two-surface of constant Boyer-Lindquist radius embedded in a constant stationary-time slice. Keeping with Martinez's conjecture, at the outer horizon this energy equals the irreducible mass. The energy is positive and monotonically decreases to the ADM mass as the boundary-surface radius diverges. Next we perform an analogous calculation for the quasilocal energy for the Kerr-Sen spacetime, which corresponds to four-dimensional rotating charged black hole solutions in heterotic string theory. The behavior of this energy as a function of the boundary-surface radius is similar to the charged Kerr case. However, we show that in this case it does not approach the expression conjectured by Martinez at the horizon.Comment: 15 page

Non-conformal fluctuations in radiation dominated Anisotropic cosmology

Using simple path integral, Feynman propagator method and the relation between conformal time η and scale factor τ, we investigate the non-conformal quantum fluctuations (of expansion and shear) and axisymmetric singularity case in radiation dominated anisotropic cosmology. We show that near the classical singularity the quantum fluctuations tend to diverge

Gravitational Collapse in Self-Similar Spacetimes

Attempts are made to give an alternative description of self-similar spacetimes which is proving to be very substantial and useful in astrophysics and general relativity. The metric for collapsing dust cloud is utilized in this formalism. The nature of gravitational collapse in selfsimilar spacetimes has been studied in detail and relevant physical interpretations of the results obtained are given. Some interesting results of the calculation have been visualized

Asymptomatic and sub-microscopic malaria infection in Kayah State, eastern Myanmar

Myanmar has the heaviest burden of malaria in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infections are common in this region and may represent an important reservoir of transmission that must be targeted for malaria elimination.; A mass blood survey was conducted among 485 individuals from six villages in Kayah State, an area of endemic but low transmission malaria in eastern Myanmar. Malaria infection was screened by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), light microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and its association with demographic factors was explored.; The prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infection was 2.3% (11/485) by real-time PCR. Plasmodium vivax accounted for 72.7% (8/11) and Plasmodium falciparum for 27.3% (3/11) of infections. Men were at greater risk of infection by Plasmodium spp. than women. Individuals who worked as farmers or wood and bamboo cutters had an increased risk of infection.; A combination of RDT, light microscopy and PCR diagnostics were used to identify asymptomatic malaria infection, providing additional information on asymptomatic cases in addition to the routine statistics on symptomatic cases, so as to determine the true burden of disease in the area. Such information and risk factors can improve malaria risk stratification and guide decision-makers towards better design and delivery of targeted interventions in small villages, representative of Kayah State

Revolutionizing basic education: challenges of federal education in Myanmar

Myanmar’s education system lags far behind in the world. Myanmar today has unqualified teachers, very few resources, and aging materials especially a centralized education system with inadequate infrastructure and unqualified teachers (Lwin, T., 2007). This affects accessibility for marginalized children such as children with disability and children living in conflict areas. The contents of school textbooks are also not culturally acceptable for ethnic minorities. The education system could not fulfill the wants and needs of society, especially the skills that are needed for work. The education reform was initiated under the NLD government from 2015 to 2020 and following the coup that happened on 1st February 2021, along with the political revolution and transition demanding federal democracy, the education sector reform that is relevant to federal democracy principles is accompanying. This research aimed to explore challenges in this process of implementation to formulate and state education policies that could reflect the needs and challenges faced by the implementers during federal education reform during and post-revolution in Myanmar. The methodology was qualitative by using focus group discussions with the (15) implementers (teachers) across states and regions of Myanmar and key informant interviews with (1) policymaker who are working in the education sector, (2) ethnic groups’ education policy makers and (1) basic education expert. The implementers and policymakers highlighted the challenges mainly on the budget and infrastructure support, curriculum, language (ethnic mother languages among diverse communities), human resources, and quality assurance while reforming the education sector in the federal democratic government

Practicable Alternative for Mandibular Fracture Management: Case Report

Although Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) by using plates and screws system is gold standard for mandibular fracture management worldwide, there are some barriers to be practiced in every secondary level hospitals of Myanmar. Closed reduction by Maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) is still the most commonly used treatment option for mandibular fracture management. MMF by using Intermaxillary Fixation (IMF) screws is a new technique which has become popular in recent decades. It is a bone anchored technique which is completely different from other conventional MMF achieving techniques. A 25 year-old woman, worked as a teacher, from Phyuu Township, Bago Region came to Dapartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Dental Medicine, Yangon for the treatment of mandibular fracture due to motorcycle accident. She was treated by using IMF screws. In this article, treatment outcomes of this case were reported

Dentoskeletal Changes of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion with Severe Facial Asymmetry after Orthognathic Surgery: Case Report

Craniofacial asymmetry is expressed as the difference in size between two parts of the face. It is originated by a discrepancy in size and position between the cranial base and the maxilla, between the cranial base and the mandible, or between the maxilla and the mandible. When the craniofacial asymmetry is severe and the patient has completed growth, the indicated treatment is performed in conjunction with orthodontics and orthognathic surgery, traditional approach or surgery first approach. A 24 year-old woman had chief complaints of mandibular protrusion and facial asymmetry. Extraoral examination indicated mandibular deviation to the right side, severe facial asymmetry, and a concave profile. Orthognathic surgical treatment plan was Lefort I osteotomy and two-piece maxillary osteotomy to correct the posterior crossbite. Concomitant surgical procedure for the mandible was bilateral sagittal split osteotomy to correct facial asymmetry and mandibular protrusion. After orthognathic surgery followed by postsurgical orthodontic treatment reveals skeletal Class I and acceptable facial aesthetics with Class I occlusion. According to this case report, double jaw surgical procedure including maxillary and mandibular movements is indicated for the treatment of severe facial asymmetry and skeletal Class III malocclusion

Dental Service Use and Dentition Status among 12 year-old Schoolchildren in East District, Yangon Region

Abstract - Good oral health is an essential part of better general health and well-being throughout life. Regular dental visit has been found to provide an opportunity for oral health care professionals to diagnose illness, provide primary preventive services and treat particular dental disease and other oral health related problems. The aim of this study was to assess dental service use and dentition status among 12 year-old schoolchildren in two townships from East District, Yangon Region. Cross-sectional, descriptive, school-based, non-intervention type of study was carried out among 482 (250 boys and 232 girls) schoolchildren in 2017-18. Data concerning sociodemographic characteristics, dental visit pattern and dentition status were determined. The present sample was likely to represent urban population and nearly half of their parents had only completed primary and middle school education. Almost the same distribution pattern of education was found between fathers and mothers. Two third of fathers (65.6%) and one third of mothers (30.7%) were unskilled workers and more than half of mothers (55.4%) were dependent. History of dental service utilization was reported in 42.9% of students and main reason was toothache (52.2%). Among those who had visited to the dentist (n=207), most of them (86.5%) visited to the private dental surgeons and 65.2% had received treatment of tooth extraction. Approximately 40.0% of students acquired oral health knowledge from dental surgeon. Most of the students (92.9%) responded that they should see the dental surgeon at least once a year for routine dental checkup. Dental caries prevalence was 67.0% with mean DMF-T of 0.65 (SD 1.16) where decayed was a dominant portion. No relationships were observed between dental caries and gender, parental education, parental occupation, dental visiting pattern. However, higher caries prevalence was found in schoolchildren with lower mothers’ educational level. In addition, lower level of dental visit pattern was observed among those with low parental educational level. Thus preventive as well as curative measures should be promoted along with school dental health program