Influence of physical activity home environment on fundamental movement skills development in Chinese preschoolers: mediating role of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity

BackgroundResearch on how the physical activity home environment affects fundamental movement skills (FMS) in preschool children in China is limited. However, the role of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in this relationship is still unclear. This study aims to analyze gender differences in FMS, explore associations between the physical activity home environment, MVPA, and FMS, and investigate MVPA's mediating role in these relationships.MethodsWe recruited 169 preschool children (95 boys, 74 girls; mean age 4.9 years) from four kindergartens in Hengyang, China. The Family Environment Scale on Motor Development for Preschool Urban Children (FESMPD) assessed physical activity home environment. Objective measurement of MVPA used ActiGraph wGT3-BT accelerometers. The Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) evaluated FMS. Statistical analyses were conducted using the PROCESS macro in SPSS, with sociodemographic variables as controls.ResultsBoys exhibited significantly higher levels of MVPA, parenting style, locomotor skills, and object control skills compared to girls (P < 0.05). MVPA, parenting style, and FMS showed positive correlations (R = 0.355–0.568, P < 0.05). Similarly, MVPA was positively correlated with the physical activity home environment (β = 0.237–0.568, P < 0.05). Parenting style emerged as a significant predictor of children's MVPA levels (β = 0.956, P < 0.001), and MVPA was a predictor of the development ofFMS and its subdomains (β = 0.097–0.207, P < 0.05). Furthermore, MVPA partially mediated the relationship between parenting style and the development of FMS in preschool children. The physical environment was also a significant predictor of children's MVPA (β = 0.637, P < 0.05), and in turn, MVPA predicted the development of FMS and its subdomains (β = 0.188–0.343, P < 0.01). Notably, MVPA fully mediated the relationship between the physical environment and the development of FMS.ConclusionOverall, this study highlights the important roles of physical activity home environments and individual levels of MVPA in developing FMS in preschool children, noting significant gender differences. Parenting style greatly affects both MVPA and FMS development, while the physical environment fully mediates this relationship. Collaborative efforts among kindergartens, families, and communities are essential to support MVPA and improve FMS development

The clinical outcome of pembrolizumab for patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a single center, real world study in China

BackgroundThe KEYNOTE-048 and KEYNOTE-040 study have demonstrated the efficacy of pembrolizumab in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (R/M HNSCC), we conducted this real-world study to investigate the efficacy of pembrolizumab in patients with R/M HNSCC.MethodsThis is a single-center retrospective study conducted in the Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Shanghai, China). Between December 2020 and December 2022, a total of 77 patients with R/M HNSCC were included into analysis. The primary endpoint of the study was overall survival (OS), and the secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR)and toxicity.Efficacy was assessed according to RECIST version 1.1.SPSS 27.0 and GraphPad Prism 8.0 software were utilized to perform the statistical analysis.ResultsBy the cut-off date (February 28, 2023), the median OS,PFS and ORR were 15.97 months,8.53 months and 48.9% in patients treated with the pembrolizumab regimen in the first line therapy. Among these patients, 17 patients received pembrolizumab with cetuximab,and 18 received pembrolizumab with chemotherapy.We observed no significant differences between two groups neither in median OS (13.9 vs 19.4 months, P=0.3582) nor PFS (unreached vs 8.233 months, P= 0.2807). In the ≥2nd line therapy (n=30), the median OS, PFS and ORR were 5.7 months, 2.58 months and 20% respectively. Combined positive score (CPS) was eligible from 54 patients. For first line therapy, the median OS and PFS were 14.6 and 8.53 months in patients with CPS ≥1, and median OS and PFS were 14.6 and 12.33 months in patients with CPS ≥20. The immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were occurred in the 31 patients (31/77, 40.26%), and the most common potential irAEs were hypothyroidism (25.97%), and pneumonitis (7.79%).ConclusionOur real-world results indicated that pembrolizumab regimen is a promising treatment in patients with R/M HNSC

24-hour movement behaviour in neurodiverse children: A scoping review of current knowledge and evidence in the context of social functioning

This scoping review explores the current knowledge and evidence regarding 24-hour movement behaviour (which includes at least two types of behaviours) in neurodiverse children, with a focus on its relationship to social functioning. The review aims to summarize existing research, identify trends, and highlight gaps in the literature, providing a comprehensive understanding of how various activity behaviours impact the social functioning of neurodiverse children

Conventional, Doppler and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in Differential Diagnosis of Ovarian Masses

Background: Differential diagnosis of ovarian masses can influence both treatment selection and prognosis of ovarian tumor patients. A comprehensive review was performed with respect to the diagnostic value of conventional ultrasonography, Doppler ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in differentiating benign from malignant ovarian masses. Methods: Databases were searched for relevant articles. Retrieved studies were screened according to the inclusion criteria. Pooled statistics including specificity, sensitivity, positive likelihood ratios (PLR), negative likelihood ratios (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and area under curve (AUC) were utilized to calculate the overall diagnostic value for each diagnostic approach. Results: Sixty-seven high quality articles were finally enrolled in the present meta-analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of conventional US were 0.92 and 0.86, respectively. The corresponding sensitivity and specificity of Doppler US were 0.93 and 0.85, respectively. Additionally, these figures for CEUS were 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. Finally, the AUC values for conventional US, Doppler US and CEUS were 0.95, 0.96 and 0.99, respectively. Conclusion: All of the three US-related imaging modalities have relatively high diagnostic value in distinguishing malignant tumors from benign ones in ovarian tumors

Twenty-Four-Hour Movement Behaviors and Social Functions in Neurodiverse Children: A Scoping Review

Research on how an active lifestyle impacts the social functions of neurodiverse children, particularly within the context of twenty-four-hour (24 h) movement behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep), has been emerging but has yet to receive a systematic synthesis. In this scoping review, we aimed (1) to synthesize current knowledge in the field of 24 h movement behaviors and social functions in neurodiverse children; and (2) to offer insights into implications for future research and practices. Specifically, we conducted a systematic search via four databases, namely the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOhost, through 31st December 2024, and followed scoping review guidelines for results synthesis. The initial search returned 2342 articles, of which 50 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria following a robust selection and screening process. These retained studies were published between 2004 and 2024, primarily focused on children with neurodiversity of autism spectrum disorder, or ASD (70%), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD (23%), and using quantitative methods (84%). Only 6% of studies considered the combined effects of different 24 h movement behaviors, with most examining physical activity alone. Longer group exercise interventions were found to be more effective in improving social functions in neurodiverse children. Overall, the findings support the position that 24 h behaviors have a positive influence on the social functioning of neurodiverse children. However, current research tends to focus primarily on ASD, uses quantitative methods, and often overlooks the combined effects of physical activity, sleep, and sedentary behavior. Future studies should address these limitations and examine 24 h movement behaviors in children with a broader range of neurodiverse characteristics. Research and practices should also consider qualitative approaches as a complement to quantitative measures for monitoring and evaluation