La socialisation dans les 'communautés' de développement de logiciels libres

Activité collective fondée sur l’engagement volontaire et bénévole, la production de logiciels libres ne résulte pas de l’ajustement spontané de participations dispersées. Elle offre un terrain fertile pour l’analyse des relations distantes médiatisées par le réseau Internet. En effet, cette activité est soumise à une double contrainte : attirer des participants nombreux, sans sélection préalable, et canaliser les contributions afin de mettre au point un produit consistant et cohérent. Partant de l’ethnographie approfondie d’un collectif de développement de logiciel libre, cet article analyse la manière dont les hétérogénéités individuelles sont agencées, c’est-à-dire mobilisées et contrôlées. Il identifie des processus de socialisation qui articulent une tolérance maximale à l’égard des engagements subjectifs individuels et une reconnaissance différentielle des contributions à l’oeuvre commune et de leurs auteurs. Cette socialisation est spécifique, dans le sens où elle régule moins les identités personnelles des participants que l’identité collective du projet, incluant le produit et le groupe de production.A collective activity based on voluntary, benevolent commitment, the production of free software does not result from the spontaneous adjustment of dispersed participation. It offers fertile terrain for the analysis of non-local relationships mediated by the internet. Indeed, this activity is subject to a double constraint: that of attracting numerous participants without any previous selection as well as that of channeling contributions to put together a consistent and coherent product. Based on the detailed ethnography of a group involved in the development of free software, this article analyses how individual differences are organized, that is, mobilised and controlled. It identifies processes of socialisation that deploy a maximum tolerance towards individual subjective commitment and a differential recognition of contribution to the common work and of the authors. This is a specific kind of socialisation in that it regulates less the personal identity of participants than the collective identity of hte project, including both the product and the production group.Actividad colectiva basada en el compromiso voluntario y benévolo, la producción de programas informáticos libres no resulta del ajuste espontáneo de participaciones dispersas. Ella ofrece un terreno fértil para el análisis de las relaciones distantes mediatizadas por la red Internet. En efecto, esta actividad está sometida a una doble dificultad : atraer numerosos participantes, sin selección previa, y canalizar las contribuciones con el fin de poner a punto un producto consistente y coherente. A partir de la etnografía profunda de un colectivo de desarrollo de programa informático libre, este artículo analiza la manera en que las heterogeneidades individuales se arreglan, es decir, se movilizan y controlan. El programa define procesos de socialización que articulan una tolerancia máxima respecto a los compromisos subjetivos individuales y un reconocimiento diferencial de las contribuciones a la obra común y de sus autores. Esta socialización es específica, en el sentido que ella controla menos las identidades personales de los participantes que la identidad colectiva del proyecto, incluyendo el producto y al grupo de producción

Des relations de travail sans règles ? :L’énigme de la production des logiciels libres

Le développement de logiciels libres repose sur les engagements individuels et volontaires des participants. Ceux-ci réalisent des contributions potentiellement instables et désordonnées qui, pour déboucher sur la production d'un logiciel cohérent et efficace doivent être agencées et coordonnées. Cette configuration productive particulière délimite l'énigme du travail dans cet univers de production : comment des contributions sont produites, comment le projet perdure dans le temps, comment la qualité du produit est-elle assurée, comment les défaillances sont-elles gérées... ? L'analyse longitudinale et approfondie d'un projet qui a connu un succès rapide permet de montrer comment de telles communautés se structurent, avec l'émergence progressive de phénomènes de division du travail, de différenciation des positions, de sélection des contributions, de recrutement d'animateurs, de délégation de responsabilités. Cette organisation du travail présente cependant des traits originaux, du fait de l'absence de contractualisation des relations, de rétribution monétaire, de règle de subordination, de procédure d'éviction. Elle demeure en grande partie implicite, mais elle est nécessaire afin d'articuler deux objectifs partiellement contradictoires : mobiliser les contributeurs et susciter des investissements dans la fabrication du logiciel d'une part, maintenir la cohésion d'un collectif de travail en expansion et préserver l'identité du logiciel d'autre part.The development of free software is based on individual and voluntary involvement by the participants. The potentially unstable and unorganized contributions they make must be structured and coordinated to result in the production of coherent software. This particular productive configuration delimits the enigma surrounding work in this production universe: how are contributions made, how is this project sustained over time, how is the quality of the product ensured, how are failures handled...? The longitudinal and in-depth analysis of a project that has experienced rapid success shows how these communities are structured, with the progressive emergence of processes like work division, differentiation of positions, selection of contributions, recruitment of animators, transfer of responsibilities. However, this work organization presents original characteristics, due to the absence of contractualization in terms of relations, financial retribution, subordination rules and eviction procedures. It remains largely implicit, but is required in order to articulate two partially contradictory objectives: mobilizing contributors and generating investment in the production of the software, and on the other hand maintaining the cohesion of an expanding work community while preserving software identity.The development of free software is based on individual and voluntary involvement by the participants. The potentially unstable and unorganized contributions they make must be structured and coordinated to result in the production of coherent software. This particular productive configuration delimits the enigma surrounding work in this production universe: how are contributions made, how is this project sustained over time, how is the quality of the product ensured, how are failures handled...? The longitudinal and in-depth analysis of a project that has experienced rapid success shows how these communities are structured, with the progressive emergence of processes like work division, differentiation of positions, selection of contributions, recruitment of animators, transfer of responsibilities. However, this work organization presents original characteristics, due to the absence of contractualization in terms of relations, financial retribution, subordination rules and eviction procedures. It remains largely implicit, but is required in order to articulate two partially contradictory objectives: mobilizing contributors and generating investment in the production of the software, and on the other hand maintaining the cohesion of an expanding work community while preserving software identity

THE STUDY OF PARENTS’ SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ON EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT OF STUDENTS ( A CASE STUDY ON BASIC EDUCATION HIGH SCHOOL - BRANCH IN HTANAUNG KONE VILLAGE ) ( Zune Nwe Win, 2024)

This thesis is shaped to study parents' socioeconomic status and the Educational achievement of students at Basic Education High School ( branch ) in Htanaung Kone village in Yamethin township. The objective of the study is to analyze the relation between parent’s socioeconomic status and their children’s educational achievement. The descriptive method is used and the data were collected from a random sample of (210) families in Htanaung Kone village as a case study out of (445) total households. There are altogether (5) wards and (63) village tracts in Yamethin Township but only a village is focused as case study. The survey results indicate that there is the relation between parents' educational level and socioeconomic status and their children's academic achievement. Insufficient financial resources, and lack of educational attainment of parents are barriers to parental involvement in their children’s education affairs. Most of the parents’ educational level is just primary level. So, they cannot explain and guide their children’s academic affairs. They cannot give enough time for their children’s school affairs because most of them are peasants and they are busy with their livelihood. Although most of them are in primary level, they want their children to become educated persons. For the involvement of parents in their children's education, they are weak in attending school meeting and discussing with teachers about their children’s educational progress since they all have to spend most of their time in demands of daily life. The study suggests that the parents should take care of or devote more time to their children's studies, visit to school meeting regularly and consult with teachers about their children's academic development. The government need to support these kinds of livelihood development initiatives more, like the Mya Sein Yaung project, which develops programs for rural areas. Family businesses should be encouraged, and more jobs should be made availabl

Supply Chain Management Practices and Organizational Performance of Aung Myin Thu Wholesale Company (Zune Lai Phyu, 2023)

Identification of Aung Myin Thu (AMT) Wholesale Company's supply chain management (SCM) practices and an analysis of how these practices affect organizational performance are the key goals of the study. This study used quantitative research and descriptive statistics. This study utilized regression analysis. The utilization of both primary and secondary data. Using a straightforward random sampling procedure, 95 employees were chosen as the sample employees. The secondary data was gathered by consulting pertinent text books, prior research papers, articles, and journals from online publications. This study examines five SCM practice dimensions: supplier relationships, logistics, order processing, information sharing, and customer relationships. Analysis has revealed that client relationships, information exchange, and logistics are important and have a beneficial impact on AMT Wholesale Company's organizational success. The research's conclusions suggest that AMT Wholesale Company should establish a supply chain department made up of personnel skilled in implementing SCM procedures along the supply chain and fully versed in SCM. The management of AMT Wholesale Company should also make investments in information technology, including a bar coding system, electronic data interchange (EDI), and customer relationship management software

EFFECTS OF RICE HUSK ASH AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

The pot and Field experiments were conducted at Department of Soil and Water Science (YAU Farm), Yezin Agricultural University to evaluate the effect of rice husk ash (RHA) and potassium fertilizer application on yield and yield components of sin thu kha rice variety. The pot and field experiments were carried out in the dry season (December to May) 2022-23 and wet season (June to November) 2023. The experiment using T1 - control , T2 - (92 kg K ha-1), T3 - potassium (46 kg K ha-1)+ rice husk ash (5 t ha-1), T4 - potassium (46 kg K ha-1) + rice husk ash (10 t ha-1), T5 - rice husk ash (5 t ha-1), T6 - rice husk ash (10 t ha-1). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The both experiments result observed that highest grain yield was observed combined use in T4 - potassium (46 kg K ha-1) + rice husk ash (10 t ha-1),due to production of higher number of tillers hill-1, number of spikelets panicle-1, filled grain %, number of panicles hill-1. The minimum plant growth parameters and yield components were found from the treatments T1 (control). Therefore, the result found that highlighted that potassium fertilizer with rice husk ash should be applied at the rate of 46 kg K ha-1 for sin thu kha rice variety

Customer Purchase Intentions and Buying Behavior at Opple Lighting Products (Zune Hlaine Nwe, 2023)

The main objectives of this study are to find out what makes customers want to buy something at Opple Lighting and how that affects what they do when they go to buy something there. We used both first-hand and second-hand information. Cochran's (1977) method says that a sample size of 385 customers was chosen at random, and 377 of those 385 customers gave feedback. Online, a structured form was filled out. Six factors, such as product, company image, promotions, place, social influence, and perceived price, are looked at to see how they affect the decision. All of the factors except perceived price have a big effect on the decision to buy. The study found that a brand's image is the most important factor in a customer's decision to buy. It was also found that a person's plan to buy has a big impact on how they buy Opple lighting goods. To improve its brand image, Opple should come up with more unique product designs (such as a name, a wordmark on the box, etc.) and features that make its products stand out in a market full of competition. By figuring out what the market wants, Apple should sell a wide range of lighting goods, from small home appliances to larger scales. Officials should set up live sales with celebrities every month to raise customer recognition and sales. Farmer Lighting Company should make its goods and services available to a wider range of people and use more authorized sales agents to make sales

The Politics of National Land Use Policy Formulation in Myanmar

This paper presents the interaction of state and society around a land policy formulation in a country where the government is in transition towards a democratic system and, the civil society is composed of strong professional advocacy organizations and weak social movements. It finds that “political space” by state reformists and the capacity of policy advocacy to work with and influence on both sides of state and society are necessary for mutually empowering interaction between state reformists and pro-reform social actors to-wards pro-poor land policy formulation. The interaction between state and society is political dynamic and not static. This paper uses state-society interaction approach and pro-poor land policy concepts as analytical lens to research into the interaction of state and society around National Land Use Policy formulation in Myanmar which is still in process

Identification of components of turmeric as potential therapeutic agents to slow the progression of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder associated with severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. These neurons are particularly vulnerable due to increased iron and decreased antioxidant levels with aging, constant exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the presence of neurotoxic compounds. A literature review was compiled and published, in which we postulate that ROS, iron, alpha-synuclein protein (α-syn), and neuromelanin form a toxic feedback loop in individuals with PD. This feedback loop is theorised to be an early trigger culminating in neuronal death and subsequent spread of the disease to neighbouring neurons. Consequently, antioxidants and iron-chelators may be important therapeutic agents to target the accumulated ROS and iron in these neurons. Turmeric is an attractive therapeutic candidate since it has well-established antioxidant properties and may chelate iron. This study aimed to determine which components of turmeric have strong antioxidant and iron-chelating properties that could potentially protect against dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in PD. A crude extract was obtained from purchased turmeric using Soxhlet extraction. Subsequently, the crude extract was separated into different compounds using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Mass spectrometry (MS) was used to identify the eluted compounds and a selected number of compounds were further analysed with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS). After identifying the compounds, four were chosen to test their total antioxidant capacity and iron chelation ability by comparing these compounds to Trolox (a known antioxidant) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (a strong iron chelator), respectively. Finally, a human neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y, was used to evaluate the effect of the extracted compounds on cell viability, through a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. We successfully obtained a crude extract from turmeric powder after Soxhlet extraction. A total of 34 bands were initially eluted from the TLC plate, with the experiment performed in duplicate. After MS, only 15 of the 34 samples had identifiable compounds. Through LCMS, four compounds were identified with confidence namely bis-demethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, curcumin, and aromatic (ar)-turmerone. The antioxidant assays showed that curcumin had the strongest antioxidant activity while ar-turmerone had the weakest. Analysis of the iron-chelating activity of these compounds found contradictory results. However, with spectrophotometric observation and a commercially validated kit, the curcuminoids were shown to have strong iron-chelation potential. Unexpectedly, ar-turmerone also showed iron-chelation potential albeit to a lesser extent compared to the curcuminoids. The exploratory analysis with the SH-SY5Y cells showed that bis-demethoxycurcumin increased cell viability by 152%, while ar-turmerone decreased it by 73.5%, versus the vehicle control. These promising findings warrant further study using more targeted techniques. Identifying new therapies for PD is of utmost importance since the current treatments only treat the symptoms and do not address the pathobiology of neuronal loss. Natural compounds extracted from plants may be particularly useful for the design of new treatment modalities since they may be more cost- effective and have fewer side effects than synthetic medicines.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Parkinson se siekte (PS) is ‘n neurologiese afwyking wat geassosieer word met ernstige verlies van dopaminerge neurone in die substantia nigra. Hierdie neurone is kwesbaar as gevolg van verhoogde yster en verlaagde antioksidant vlakke met veroudering, konstante blootstelling aan reaktiewe suurstofspesies (RSS) en neurotoksiese verbindings. ‘n Literatuurstudie was gepubliseer, wat blyk dat RSS, yster, alfa-sinuklein (α-syn) en neuromelanien 'n toksiese terugvoer in PS-individue vorm. Hierdie terugvoer veroorsaak neuronale dood en die siekte versprei verder na aangrensende neurone. Antioksidante en ystercheleerders kan as belangrike terapeutiese middels beskou word om die opgehoopte RSS en yster in dopaminerge neurone te verminder. Borrie is ‘n geskikte terapeutiese kandidaat aangesien dit gevestigde antioksidante eienskappe beskik en mag dalk yster verbind. Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel watter borrie komponente antioksidant- en ysterverbindings eienskappe toon, wat die moontlike afbraak van dopaminerge neurone in PS kan verhoed. ‘n Ru-ekstrak was met behulp van ‘n Soxhlet-ekstrakie uit borrie onttrek. Komponente was daarna met behulp van dunlaagchromatografie (DLG) uit die ru-ekstrak geëkstraheer. Massaspektrometrie (MS) was gebruik om die geëlueerde komponente te identifiseer. ‘n Geselekteerde aantal verbindings is verder ontleed deur vloeistofchromatografie massaspektrometrie (VCMS). Nadat die komponente geïdentifiseer was, was vier gekies om hulle antioksidant kapasiteit en ysterchelerings vermoë te bepaal. Hierdie komponente was onderskeidelik met Trolox (‘n sintetiese analoog van vitamien E) en etileendiamientetra-asynsuur (EDTA) (‘n sterk ysterchelaat vormer) vergelyk. Laastens is die menslike neuronale sellyn, SH-SY5Y, gebruik om die effek van die geskeide verbindings op dopaminerge neurone te evalueer, deur middel van 'n 3-(4,5-dimetieltiasool-2-yl)-2,5-difenieltetrazoliumbromied (MTT) toets. ‘n Ru-ekstrak was suksesvol verkry uit die borriepoeier na die Soxhlet-ekstraksie. ‘n Totaal van 34 bande was aanvanklik van die DLG-plaat geëlueer. Die eksperiment was in duplikaat uitgevoer. Na MS het slegs 15 van die 34 bande identifiseerbare komponente gehad. Deur VCMS was vier komponente met vertroue geïdentifiseer, naamlik bisdemetoksikurkumien, demetoksikurkumien, kurkumien, en aromatiese (ar)- turmeroon. Kurkumien het merwaardige antioksidant kapasiteit getoon, terwyl ar-termeroon swak was. Deur spektrofotometriese waarnemings en ‘n kommersiële bekragtigde stel, was daar getoon dat die kurkuminoïede sterk ysterchelaat vermoëns het. Die ar-turmeroon het ook ysterchelaat vermoëns getoon, alhoewel in ‘n mindere mate as die kurkuminoïede. Die proef eksperiment met die SH-SY5Y-selle het getoon dat bisdemetoksikurkumien sellewensvatbaarheid met 152% verhoog het, terwyl ar-turmeroon dit met 73.5% verlaag het, teenoor die voertuigkontrole. Hierdie belowende bevindinge regverdig verdere studie deur meer gespesialiseerde en geteikende tegnieke te gebruik. Die identifisering van nuwe terapieë vir PS is egter van uiterste belang aangesien die huidige terapieë slegs die simptome behandel en nie die patobiologie van neuronale verlies aanspreek nie. Plantaardige verbindings kan veral nuttig wees vir die ontwerp van nuwe behandelings modaliteite aangesien dit meer koste-effektief is en oor minder newe-effekte beskik as sintetiese medisyne.Master