The Missing Odderon

In contrast to theoretical expectations, experimental results at sqrt(s)=200 GeV for the reaction gamma p --> pi0 X show no evidence for odderon exchange. The upper limit on the cross section is an order of magnitude smaller than the theoretical estimate. It is argued that chiral symmetry leads to a large suppression, taking the thoeretical estimates well below the data. Two additional arguments are presented which may decrease the theoretical estimate further. The calculations are more sensitive to the assumptions made in evaluating the hadronic scattering amplitude than in the processes considered previously and lattice gauge calculations indicate that the odderon intercept may be appreciably lower than usually assumed. These two latter effects are particularly relevant for the reactions gamma p --> f2(1270)X and gamma p --> a2(1320)X for which the data upper limits are also below the theoretical predictions, but not so dramatically as for gamma p --> pi0 X.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure

Manners and Causation

This paper is divided into two parts. In part one I apply a formal method for the establishment of cause-relations between events to cases involving manner modification. In the second part I argue that the status of a manner adverb with regard to its role in a cause-consequence sequent does not play a role for its formal representation at the sentential level. Instead, it influences a sentence’s information structure. In turn, this can influence the syntactic position of a manner adverb

Pure Manner Adverbs revisited

Ernst (1984) notes that most Quality Adverbs have two readings, one of which is a VP reading, the other one a clausal reading. However, within this group there are also adverbs such as loudly, woodenly etc., which only allow for the VP reading, the so called Pure Manner Adverbs. While Ernst holds that these adverbs form a class because of their limitation to one reading, he cannot explain why adverbs with two readings, such as quietly, graciously do not belong to this class, although their VP readings have the same semantics as the PMA.I propose to drop the ‘one-reading’ criterion in favour of a semantic characterization of PMA. The revised class of PMA will include adverbs with two readings, where the VP reading servers as the the primary reading and the clausal reading results from a metaphorical usage of the adverb. A template for deriving these readings is introduced, using the underspecified event semantic approach of Do¨ lling (2000). At the end of the paper, I discuss how constraints at the level of Do¨ lling’s PFS can be used in making the semantic derivation system sensitive to the syntactic influence on the preferred readings

Er-Doped Integrated Optical Devices in LiNbO3

The state-of-the-art of Er-doped integrated optical devices in LiNbO3 is reviewed starting with a brief discussion of the technology of Er-indiffusion. This technique yields high-quality waveguides and allows a selective surface doping necessary to develop optical circuits of higher complexity. Doped waveguides have been used as single- and double-pass optical amplifiers for the wavelength range 1530 nm < < 1610 nm. If incorporated in conventional, lossy devices loss-compensating or even amplifying devices can be fabricated. Examples are an electrooptically scanned Ti:Er:LiNbO3 waveguide resonator used as an optical spectrum analyzer and an acoustooptically tunable filter used as a tunable narrowband amplifier. Different types of Ti:Er:LiNbO3 waveguide lasers are presented. Among them are free running Fabry–Perot lasers for six different wavelengths with a conitnuous-wave (CW)-output power up to 63 mW. Tunable lasers could be demonstrated by the intracavity integration of an acoustooptical amplifying wavelength filter yielding a tuning range up to 31 nm. With intracavity electrooptic phase modulation modelocked laser operation has been obtained with pulse repetition frequencies up to 10 GHz; pulses of only a few ps width could be generated.With intracavity amplitude modulation Q-switched laser operation has been achieved leading to the emission of pulses of up to 2.4 W peak power (0.18 J) at 2 kHz repetition frequency. Distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers of emission linewidth 8 kHz have been developed using a dryetched surface grating as one of the mirrors of the laser resonator. Finally, as an example for a monolithic integration of lasers and extracavity devices on the same substrate, a DBR-laser/modulator combination is presented

EFEKTIFITAS PEMBERIAN PETIDIN DAN SELIMUT KATUN TERHADAP TINGKAT SHIVERING PASCA SPINAL ANESTESI DI RSUD BENDAN PEKALONGAN

Latar Belakang :. Anestesi regional bekerja dengan cara menghasilkan blok saraf simpatis, relaksasi otot dan blok sensorik reseptor suhu perifer sehingga menghambat respon kompensasi terhadap suhu. Dengan cara demikian, terdapat efek dari regianal anestesi shivering. Cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah atau mengatasi shivering pasca anestesi antara lain memberikan obat obatan seperti petidin dan obatan lainnya dan juga penanganan menggunakan non farmakologis seperti penggunaan selimut katun dan flid warmer. Tujuan Penelitian : Mengetahui efektifitas pemberian petidin dan selimut katun terhadap tingkat shivering pasca spinal anestesi di RSUD Bendan Pekalongan. Metode : Quasi eksperimen (pretest and pasca test group design) yaitu melakukan observasi sebanyak dua kali pada kedua kelompok intervensi,observasi sebelum eksperimen. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional. Sampel sejumlah 62 responden yang diambil secara Consecutive Sampling. Hasil : pada intervensi petidin responden yang sebelumnya mengalami shivering (derjad 1,2,3) skala menjadi tidak Ishivering (derajat 0) yaitu sebanyak 23 orang (74,2%). Dan responden yang hanya mengalami penurunan derajat shivering menjadi (derajat 1) yaitu sebanyak 8 orang (25,8). Hasil yang didapatkan setelah dilakukan pemberian selimut katun yaitu responden yang tidak mengalami shivering (derajat 0) yaitu sebanyak 15 orang (48,4%), derajat 1 sebanyak 12 orang (38,7%), derajat 2 sebanyak 4 orang (12,9%), dan 0% pada derajat 3. Kata Kunci : Spinal Anestesi, Shivering, petidin, selimut katu

Multi-mode damping control approach for the optimal resilience of renewable-rich power systems

The integration of power-electronics-based power plants is developing significantly due to the proliferation of renewable energy sources. Although this type of power plant could positively affect society in terms of clean and sustainable energy, it also brings adverse effects, especially with the stability of the power system. The lack of inertia and different dynamic characteristics are the main issues associated with power-electronics-based power plants that could affect the oscillatory behaviour of the power system. Hence, it is important to design a comprehensive damping controller to damp oscillations due to the integration of a power-electronics-based power plant. This paper proposes a damping method for enhancing the oscillatory stability performance of power systems with high penetration of renewable energy systems. A resilient wide-area multimodal controller is proposed and used in conjunction with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to enhance the damping of critical modes. The proposed control also addresses resiliency issues associated with control signals and controllers. The optimal tuning of the control parameters for this proposed controller is challenging. Hence, the firefly algorithm was considered to be the optimisation method to design the wide-area multimodal controllers for BESS, wind, and photovoltaic (PV) systems. The performance of the proposed approach was assessed using a modified version of the Java Indonesian power system under various operating conditions. Both eigenvalue analysis and time-domain simulations are considered in the analysis. A comparison with other well-known metaheuristic methods was also carried out to show the proposed method’s efficacy. Obtained results confirmed the superior performance of the proposed approach in enhancing the small-signal stability of renewable-rich power systems. They also revealed that the proposed multimodal controller could enhance the penetration of renewable energy sources in the Javan power system by up to 50%. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Shaping ability of ProTaper NEXT and BT-RaCe nickel-titanium instruments in severely curved root canals

Aim To compare the shaping ability of four different nickel-titanium rotary instruments during the preparation of curved root canals in extracted teeth. Methodology A total of 80 root canals with curvatures ranging between 25°and 39°were divided into four groups of 20 canals. Based on radiographs taken prior to instrumentation, the groups were balanced with respect to the angle and the radius of canal curvature. Canals were prepared to a final apical size of 40 using Mtwo, ProTaper Universal, ProTaper NEXT and BT-RaCe. Using pre-and postinstrumentation radiographs, straightening of the canal curvatures and canal transportation were determined with a computer image analysis programme. Preparation time and instrument failures were also recorded. The data were analysed statistically using ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. Results The use of BT-RaCe files resulted in significantly more straightening during instrumentation compared to Mtwo (P &lt; 0.05), whilst the differences between all other instruments were not significant (P &gt; 0.05). No significant differences were obtained between all four instruments regarding canal transportation (P = 0.429). Instrumentation with ProTaper NEXT files was significantly faster than with all other instruments (P &lt; 0.05). During the preparation of the curved canals, one BT2 instrument fractured, whilst no fracture occurred when using the other instruments (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions Within the parameters of this study, all instruments maintained root canal curvature well and were safe. However, care should be taken when using the BT2 instrument due to its unique cylindrical design