A Report of Edison Club in Hachinohe Institute of Technology (Part 7)

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The Study of Manufacture of a Conversion Electric Vehicle

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Интраоперационная оценка восстановления проведения импульса по спинному мозгу у пациентов с шейной спондилогенной миелопатией

The previous studies have data concerning surgery and diagnostic methods of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). The aim of this case was to study the on‑line assessment of the functions of corticospinal and somatosensory pathways changed due to surgical decompression of cervical spinal cord. Our study included 11 patients (6 men and 5 women, mean age 59,3 ± 9,2 years old) with MRI‑confirmed cervical spine stenosis (CSS). All of them had intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring standing for transcranial electric stimulation (TES) and recording of the median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP). Investigations were performed before and 10–15 minutes after surgical spinal cord decompression. The obtained data provides additional information about the spinal cord pathways functional status and it is a reliable predictor of neurological outcome.В литературе крайне мало встречается информации относительно восстановления проведения импульса по спинному мозгу в афферентном и эфферентном направлениях в ответ на декомпрессию в режиме реального времени, что и послужило основанием для проведения данной работы. Интраоперационному нейрофизиологическому мониторингу подверглось 11 пациентов (6 мужчин и 5 женщин, средний возраст 59,3 ± 9,2 года) с подтвержденным стенозом позвоночного канала по данным магнитно-резонансной томографии. Степень восстановления проведения по кортикоспинальному тракту и проводникам соматической афферентации оценивали с помощью регистрации вызванных моторных ответов (ВМО) при транскраниальной электростимуляции и записи соматосенсорных вызванных потенциалов (ССВП) при билатеральной стимуляции срединного нерва. Регистрацию ВМО и ССВП проводили до декомпрессии и через 10−15 мин после нее. Полученные данные отражают незамедлительное изменение проведения импульса в афферентном и/или эфферентном направлениях и коррелируют с неврологическим статусом в послеоперационном периоде

Governing drug reimbursement policy in Poland: The role of the state, civil society, and the private sector

This article investigates the distribution of power in Poland’s drug reimbursement policy in the early 2000s. We examine competing theoretical expectations suggested by neopluralism, historical institutionalism, corporate domination, and clique theory of the post-communist state, using data from a purposive sample of 109 semi-structured interviews and documentary sources. We have four concrete findings. First, we uncovered rapid growth in budgetary spending on expensive drugs for narrow groups of patients. Second, to achieve these favorable policy outcomes drug companies employed two prevalent methods of lobbying: informal persuasion of key members of local cliques and endorsements expressed by patient organizations acting as seemingly independent “third parties.” Third, medical experts were co-opted by multinational drug companies because they relied on these firms for scientific and financial resources that were crucial for their professional success. Finally, there was one-way social mobility from the state to the pharmaceutical sector, not the “revolving door” pattern familiar from advanced capitalist countries, with deleterious consequences for state capacity. Overall, the data best supported a combination of corporate domination and clique theory: drug reimbursement in Poland was dominated by Western multinationals in collaboration with domestically based cliques.Piotr Ozieranski is indebted to the Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge and St Edmund’s College for research grants

Addiction to Oestrogen and Progesterone

Keywords: addiction, exogenous steroid horm ones, oral contraceptives, psychoactive, lack of ef® cacy, increasing doses, withdrawal symptom s, menopause, post-m enopausal horm one replacement therapy. INTRODUCT ION Over the last decade it has been suggested that several naturally occurring steroid hormones may be addictive when taken or applied exogenously. These include androgen anabolics in 1989 [1] and 1990 [2], oestrogens in 1994 [3, 4] and progesterone in 1996 OEST ROGEN DEP ENDENCY Here is the personal experience of Dr Margaret W hite. I practised medicine for over 40 years and in the early days I believed all I was taught. About half way through my career I realised that m y profession was by no m eans infallible. At one time Drinamyl was recommended as a ® rst-line treatment for depression but ª Purple heartsº , the popula r name for Drinam yl, soon became notorious as a com mon drug of addiction am ong the young. Such experiences were often repeated as I have seen many changes in prescribing fashions. W hen early oral contraceptive trials began to report sudden deaths in young wom en due to throm bosis and heart attacks I was interested, and rather surprised, to learn that these steroid horm ones were imm unosupp ressive. More recently I discovered to my cost that in some cases they can be dependencyinducing

Intraoperative assesment of spinal cord conduction during surgical decompression in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy

The previous studies have data concerning surgery and diagnostic methods of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). The aim of this case was to study the on‑line assessment of the functions of corticospinal and somatosensory pathways changed due to surgical decompression of cervical spinal cord. Our study included 11 patients (6 men and 5 women, mean age 59,3 ± 9,2 years old) with MRI‑confirmed cervical spine stenosis (CSS). All of them had intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring standing for transcranial electric stimulation (TES) and recording of the median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP). Investigations were performed before and 10–15 minutes after surgical spinal cord decompression. The obtained data provides additional information about the spinal cord pathways functional status and it is a reliable predictor of neurological outcome